Technical Graphics Communications

Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 PREFACE......Page 12 ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 24 Contents......Page 4 Part One: Global Implementation for Technical Graphics......Page 26 Objectives......Page 28 1.1 Introduction ......Page 29 1.2 Human Communications ......Page 31 1.3 The Importance of Technical Graphics ......Page 33 1.4 A Brief History of Graphics Communications ......Page 37 1.5 Visual Science, ......Page 41 1.7 Specialists and Technical Drawings ......Page 46 1.9 Summary ......Page 47 Objectives and Overview......Page 50 2.1 Design ......Page 51 2.2 Engineering Design ......Page 53 2.3 The Digital Enterprise ......Page 59 2.4 Summary ......Page 67 Objectives and Overview......Page 69 3.1 The Engineering Design Process ......Page 70 3.2 Types of Design Projects ......Page 71 3.3 Ideation ......Page 72 3.4 Refinement ......Page 78 3.5 Design Review Meetings ......Page 89 3.6 Implementation ......Page 90 3.7 Drawing Control ......Page 104 3.8 Other Engineering Design Methods ......Page 107 3.9 Virtual Reality ......Page 108 3.10 Summary ......Page 119 Introduction......Page 132 4.1 Integration in Manufacturing ......Page 133 4.2 Manufacturing Planning, Controlling, andProcessing ......Page 138 4.3 Quality in Manufacturing ......Page 144 4.4 The New Philosophies Driving Manufacturing Operations ......Page 147 4.5 Summary ......Page 152 Part Two: Fundamentals of Technical Graphics......Page 156 Introduction......Page 158 5.1 Visualization Abilities ......Page 159 5.2 The Visualization Cycle ......Page 160 5.4 Solid Object Features ......Page 161 5.5 Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings ......Page 163 5.6 Other Visualization Techniques ......Page 171 5.7 Graphical Analysis of Engineering Data ......Page 175 5.9 Visualization Uses ......Page 184 5.10 Summary ......Page 187 Objectives......Page 210 6.2 Computer-Aided Drawing Tools ......Page 211 6.3 Traditional Tools ......Page 219 6.4 Line Drawing Techniques ......Page 224 6.5 Scales ......Page 231 6.6 Drawing Instrument Set ......Page 239 6.7 Templates ......Page 241 6.8 Technique for Laying Out a Drawing Sheet ......Page 242 6.9 Technique for Drawing Using Traditional Tools ......Page 243 6.10 Summary ......Page 245 Objectives......Page 260 7.1 Technical Sketching ......Page 261 7.2 Sketching Technique ......Page 265 7.3 Proportions and Construction Lines ......Page 271 7.4 Types of Sketches ......Page 274 7.5 Introduction to Projections ......Page 275 7.6 Multiview Sketching Technique ......Page 287 7.7 Multiview Sketches ......Page 292 7.8 Perspective Projection ......Page 296 7.9 Sketching Using a Constraint-Based Modeling Software Program ......Page 304 7.10 Lettering ......Page 306 7.11 Text on Drawings ......Page 312 7.12 Summary ......Page 313 Objectives......Page 328 8.3 Coordinate Space ......Page 329 8.5 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs ......Page 336 8.6 Conic Curves ......Page 360 8.7 Roulettes ......Page 373 8.8 Double-Curved Lines, Including Helixes ......Page 378 8.9 Freeform Curves ......Page 379 8.10 Angles ......Page 383 8.11 Planes ......Page 384 8.12 Surfaces ......Page 385 8.13 Summary ......Page 409 Objectives......Page 422 9.1 Wireframe Modeling ......Page 423 9.2 Surface Modeling ......Page 426 9.3 Solid Modeling ......Page 431 9.4 Constraint-Based Modeling ......Page 437 9.5 Feature Analysis ......Page 438 9.6 Feature Definition ......Page 440 9.7 Editing Part Features ......Page 457 9.8 Duplicating Part Features ......Page 463 9.9 Assembly Modeling ......Page 464 9.10 Geometric Transformations ......Page 469 9.11 3-D Viewing Techniques ......Page 472 9.12 3-D Modeling and the Design Process ......Page 477 9.13 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) ......Page 485 9.14 Data Associativity ......Page 487 9.15 Data Exchange Standards ......Page 489 9.16 Summary ......Page 492 Objectives......Page 511 10.2 Multiview Projection Planes ......Page 512 10.3 Advantages of Multiview Drawings ......Page 518 10.4 The Six Principal Views ......Page 520 10.5 View Selection ......Page 538 10.6 Fundamental Views of Edgesand Planes ......Page 539 10.7 Multiview Representations ......Page 544 10.8 Multiview Drawing Visualization ......Page 555 10.9 ANSI Standards for Multiview Drawings ......Page 566 10.10 Summary ......Page 568 Introduction......Page 600 11.1 Axonometric Drawings ......Page 601 11.2 Isometric Axonometric Projections ......Page 602 11.3 Dimetric Projection ......Page 630 11.5 Oblique Drawings ......Page 634 11.6 Summary ......Page 644 Introduction......Page 654 12.1 Background ......Page 655 12.2 Terminology ......Page 656 12.3 Perspective Drawing Classifi cations ......Page 659 12.4 Variables Selection ......Page 660 12.5 One-Point Perspectives ......Page 661 12.6 Two-Point Perspectives ......Page 663 12.8 Perspective Grids ......Page 667 12.9 CAD Perspective Drawings ......Page 668 12.10 Summary ......Page 670 Introduction......Page 675 13.1 Auxiliary View Projection Theory ......Page 676 13.2 Auxiliary View Classifi cations ......Page 679 13.3 Auxiliary View Applications ......Page 687 13.4 Summary ......Page 693 Part Three: Descriptive Geometry......Page 712 Introduction......Page 714 14.1 Descriptive Geometry Methods ......Page 715 14.2 Reference Planes ......Page 716 14.4 The Coordinate System ......Page 717 14.5 Lines ......Page 718 14.6 Planes ......Page 726 14.7 Summary ......Page 729 15 Intersections and Developments ......Page 739 15.2 Intersections ......Page 740 15.3 Developments ......Page 758 15.4 Summary ......Page 770 Part Four: Standard Technical Graphics Practices......Page 780 Introduction......Page 782 16.1 Sectioning Basics ......Page 784 16.2 Cutting Plane Lines ......Page 789 16.3 Section Line Practices ......Page 792 16.4 Section View Types ......Page 796 16.5 Special Sectioning Conventions ......Page 804 16.6 3-D CAD Techniques ......Page 811 16.7 Summary ......Page 813 Introduction......Page 841 17.2 Size and Location Dimensions ......Page 842 17.3 Detail Dimensioning ......Page 852 17.4 Dimensioning Techniques ......Page 857 17.5 Tolerancing ......Page 865 17.6 Tolerance Representation ......Page 866 17.7 Tolerances in CAD ......Page 882 17.8 Surface Texture Symbols ......Page 885 17.9 Summary ......Page 886 Introduction ......Page 898 18.1 Overview ......Page 899 18.2 GDT Symbols ......Page 900 18.3 Individual Feature of Size ......Page 901 18.4 Maximum Material Condition ......Page 902 18.5 Inspection Tools ......Page 903 18.6 Datums and Datum Features ......Page 904 18.7 Geometric Controls ......Page 907 18.9 Design Applications ......Page 921 18.10 Statistical Process Control ......Page 923 18.11 Summary ......Page 924 Introduction......Page 932 19.2 Threaded Fasteners ......Page 931 19.3 Thread Specifi cations: English System ......Page 933 19.4 Thread Specifi cations: Metric System ......Page 939 19.6 Thread Drawings ......Page 941 19.7 Design for Assembly (DFA) ......Page 948 19.8 Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws ......Page 950 19.9 Nonthreaded Fasteners ......Page 961 19.10 Springs ......Page 964 19.11 Summary ......Page 966 Introduction......Page 972 20.1 Basic Concepts ......Page 973 20.2 Working Drawings ......Page 974 20.3 Reprographics ......Page 996 20.4 Standard Parts ......Page 999 20.5 Using CAD to Create a Detailed Working Drawing from a 3-D Model ......Page 1000 20.6 Summary ......Page 1002 Objectives......Page 1087 21.1 Data Visualization in Engineering and Design......Page 1088 21.2 Data Visualization Elements ......Page 1089 21.3 Visualization Methods ......Page 1093 21.4 Object Rendering ......Page 1104 21.5 Information Integration ......Page 1119 21.6 Summary, ......Page 1121 Objectives......Page 1128 22.2 Gears ......Page 1129 22.3 Cams ......Page 1146 22.4 Linkages ......Page 1156 22.5 Bearings ......Page 1160 22.6 Summary ......Page 1163 Introduction......Page 1169 23.1 Block Diagrams ......Page 1170 23.2 Schematic Drawings ......Page 1171 23.3 Wiring and Cabling Diagrams ......Page 1176 23.4 Printed Circuit Boards ......Page 1177 23.5 Summary ......Page 1183 Introduction......Page 1186 24.2 Pipe Types ......Page 1187 24.4 Pipe Fittings ......Page 1189 24.6 Pipe Drawings ......Page 1190 24.7 CAD-Based Process Plant Design Programs ......Page 1197 24.8 Summary ......Page 1202 Introduction......Page 1210 25.2 Welding Processes ......Page 1211 25.4 Weld Symbols ......Page 1213 25.5 Weld Types ......Page 1215 25.6 Weld Length and Increments ......Page 1222 25.8 Weld Symbols and CAD ......Page 1223 25.9 Summary ......Page 1225 Glossary......Page 1230 Appendix 1 Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings......Page 1254 2 Metric Equivalents......Page 1263 3 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Symbols......Page 1264 4 Values for Important Properties of Materials......Page 1265 5 Trigonometry Functions......Page 1266 6 Properties of Geometric Elements......Page 1267 7 ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC)......Page 1274 8 ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC)......Page 1275 9 ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT)......Page 1276 10 ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN)......Page 1277 11 ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN)......Page 1278 12 Description of Preferred Metric Fits......Page 1279 13 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits......Page 1280 14 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits......Page 1281 15 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits......Page 1282 16 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits......Page 1283 17 Unifi ed Standard Screw Thread Series......Page 1284 18 Thread Sizes and Dimensions......Page 1285 20 Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts)......Page 1286 22 Square Head Bolts......Page 1287 24 Square Nuts......Page 1288 26 ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2......Page 1289 27 ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts......Page 1290 28 ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts and Flat Head Machine Screws......Page 1291 30 ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head Cap Screws......Page 1292 32 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1293 34 Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1294 36 ANSI Metric Hex Bolts......Page 1295 37 ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws......Page 1296 38 ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric Machine Screws......Page 1297 39 ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric Machine Screws......Page 1298 41 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws......Page 1299 42 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw Optional Cup Points......Page 1300 43 ANSI Square Head Set Screws......Page 1301 44 ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT)......Page 1302 45 ANSI Metric Plain Washers......Page 1303 47 ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional Selected Sizes......Page 1304 48 ANSI Type B Plain Washers......Page 1305 50 ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers......Page 1306 51 ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys......Page 1307 52 ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys......Page 1308 54 ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys......Page 1309 55 ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins......Page 1310 56 British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—Metric Series......Page 1311 57 ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins......Page 1312 58 Piping Symbols......Page 1313 59 Electronic Symbols......Page 1315 60 Welding Symbols......Page 1317 Index......Page 1318