Technical Communication

Instructors know that Mike Markel's__Technical Communication__will prepare their students for any workplace writing situation. No other text offers such a comprehensive introduction to the field while still delivering practical, effective support for students at every level. The eleventh edition has been thoroughly revised to reframe the work of technical communicators in the context of today's highly collaborative, rapidly evolving digital practices. Fresh, social-media driven sample documents and coverage of the latest tools and technologies ensure that students work with the kinds of processes and products they'll encounter on the job. Table of Contents Contents Preface for Instructors Introduction for Writers Part 1 Understanding the Technical Communication Environment 1 Introduction to Technical Communication What Is Technical Communication? * Understanding Purpose * Understanding Audience *Why Technical Communication Skills Are Important in Your Career The Challenges of Producing Technical Communication * Audience-Related Factors * Purpose-Related Factors * Setting-Related Factors * Document-Related Factors * Process-Related Factors Characteristics of a Technical Document * GUIDELINES: Measure of Excellence in Technical Documents * DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Analyzing a Technical Document Skills and Qualities Shared by Successful Workplace Communicators * GUIDELINES: Communicating Professionally EXERCISES CASE 1: Using the Measures of Excellence in Evaluating a Résumé [in LaunchPad] 2 Understanding Ethical and Legal Considerations A Brief Introduction to Ethics Your Ethical Obligations Obligations to Your Employer Obligations to the Public Obligations to the Environment Your Legal Obligations Copyright Law GUIDELINES: Determing Fair Use GUIDELINES: Dealing with Copyright Questions ETHICS NOTES: Distinguishing Plagiarism from Acceptable Reuse of InformationTrademark Law GUIDELINES: Protecting Trademarks Contract Law Liability Law GUIDELINES: Abiding by Liability Laws The Role of Corporate Culture in Ethical and Legal Conduct Understanding Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Social Media GUIDELINES: Using Social Media Ethically and Legally DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTVITIY: Presenting Guidelines for Social Media Communicating Ethically Across Cultures Communicating with Culutres with Different Beliefs Communicating in Countries with Different Laws Principles for Ethical Communication Abide by Relevant Laws *Comply iwth Accesibility Standards Abide by the Appropriate Professional Code of Conduct Abide by Your Organization's Policy on Social Media Tell the Truth Don't Mislead Your Readers Use Design to Highlight Important Ethical and Legal Information Be Clear Avoid Discriminatory Language Acknowledge Assistance from Others WRITER'S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 2: The The Ethics of Requiring Students To Subsidize a Plagiarism-Detection Service [in LaunchPad] 3 Writing Technical Documents Planning *Considering Your Writing Situation TUTORIAL: Cross-Platform Word Processing with CloudOn, Quip, and More [in LaunchPad] Generating Ideas About Your Subject Researching Additional Information Devising a Schedule and a Budget Drafting Organizing and Outlining Your Document Using Templates GUIDELINES: Drafting Effectively DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Identifying the Strengths and Weaknesses of a Commercial Template Using Styles *TECH TIP: Why and How To Use the Styles Group TUTORIAL: Creating Styles and Templates [in LaunchPad] Revising Studying the Draft by Yourself *GUIDELINES: Revising Your Draft Seeking Help from Others ETHICS NOTE: Acknowledge Reviewers Responsibly Editing *GUIDELINES: Editing Your Draft Proofreading WRITER'S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 3: Understanding Why Revision Software Cannot Revise and Edit Your Document [in LaunchPad] 4 Writing Collaboratively Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaboration Advantages of Collaboration Disadvantages of Collaboration Managing Projects GUIDELINE: Managing Your Project Conducting Meetings Tutorial: Scheduling Meetings Online [in LaunchPad] Listen Effectively GUIDELINES: Listening Effectively Setting Your Team's Agenda GUIDELINES: Setting Your Team's Agenda ETHICS NOTE: Pulling Your Weight on Collaborative Projects DOWNLOADABLE FORM: Work-Schedule Form [in LaunchPad] DOWNLOADABLE FORM: Team-Member Evaluation Form DOWNLOADABLE FORM: Self-Evaluation Form Conducting Efficient Meetings Communication Diplomatically Critiquing a Team Member's Work GUIDELINES: Communicating Diplomatically GUIDELINES: Critiquing a Colleague's Work Using Social Media and Other Electronic Tools in Collaboration *TECH TIP: Why and How To Use Reviewing Tools Word-Processing Tools TUTORIAL: Reviewing Collaborative Documents [in LaunchPad] TUTORIAL: Incorporating Tracked Changes [in LaunchPad] Messaging Technologies DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Critiquing a Draft Clearly and Diplomatically Videoconferencing TUTORIAL: Conducting Online Meetings [in LaunchPad] GUIDELINES: Participating in a Videoconference Wikis and Shared Document Workspaces TUTORIAL: Using Wikis for Collaborative Work [in LaunchPad] TUTORIAL: Using Collaborative Software [in LaunchPad] Virtual Worlds ETHICS NOTE: Maintaining a Professional Presence Online Gender and Collaboration Culture and Collaboration WRITER'S CHECKLIST EXERCISEES LEARNINGCURVE: Part 1: Understanding the Technical Communication Environment (Chs. 1-4) CASE 4: Accomodating a Team Member's Scheduling Problems [in LaunchPad] Part 2 Planning the Document 5 Analyzing Your Audience and Purpose Understanding Audience and Purpose Using an Audience Profile Sheet DOWNLOADABLE FORM: Audience Profile Sheet [in LaunchPad] Determining the Important Characteristics of Your Audience Who Are Your Readers? Why Is Your Audience Reading Your Document? What Are Your Readers’ Attitudes and Expectations? How Will Your Readers Use Your Document? Techniques for Learning About Your Audience Determining What You Already Know About Your Audience Interviewing People Reading About Your Audience Online Searching Social Media for Documents Your Audience Has Written Analyzing Social-Media Data Communicating Across Cultures Understanding the Cultural Variables "on the Surface" Understanding the Cultural Variables "Beneath the Surface" Considering Cultural Variables as You Write GUIDELINES: Writing for Readers from Other Cultures DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Examining Cultural Variables in a Business Letter Using Graphics and Design for Multicultural Readers Applying What You Have Learned About Your Audience ETHICS NOTE: Meeting Your Readers' Needs Responsibily Writing for Multiple Audiences 0 Determining Your Purpose Gaining Management’s Approval Revising Information for a New Audience and Purpose WRITER'S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 5: Focusing on an Audience's Needs and Interests [in LaunchPad] 6 Researching Your Subject Understanding the Research Process Choosing Appropriate Research Methods *GUIDELINES: Planning for the Research Process GUIDELINES: Researching a TopicConducting Secondary Research *Understanding Research Tools *Types of Secondary Research Sources Using Social Media and Other Interactive Resources *TECH TIP: Why and How to Use Social Media in Reserch TUTORIAL: Tracking Sources with Evernote and Zotero [in LaunchPad] Evaluating the Information GUIDELINES: Evaluating Print and Online Sources Conducting Primary Research Analysis of Social-Media Data *DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Evaluating Information from Internet Sources Observations and Demonstrations Inspections Experiments Field Research Interviews GUIDELINES: Conducting an Interview Inquiries Questionnaires ETHICS NOTE: Reporting and Analyzing Data Honestly WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 6: Revising a Questionnaire [in LaunchPad] 7 Organizing Your Information Understanding Three Principles for Organizing Technical Information Analyzing Your Audience and Purpose Using Conventional Patterns of Organization Displaying Your Organizational Pattern Prominently Understanding Conventional Organizational Patterns Chronological GUIDELINES: Organizing Information Chronologically Spatial GUIDELINES: Organizing Information Spatially General to Specific GUIDELINES: Organizing Information from General to Specific More Important to Less Important GUIDELINES: Organizing Information from More Important to Less Important Comparison and Contrast GUIDELINES: Organizing Information by Comparison and Contrast ETHICS NOTE: Comparing and Contrasting Fairly Classification or Partition GUIDELINES: Organizing Information by Classification or Partition Problem-Methods-Solution GUIDELINES: Organizing Information by Problem-Methods-Solution Cause and Effect GUIDELINES: Organizing Information by Cause and Effect DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Using Multiple Organizational Patterns in an Infographic WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES LEARNINGCURVE: Part 2: Planning the Document (Chs. 5-7) [in LaunchPad] CASE 7: Organizing a Document for Clarity—and Diplomacy [in LaunchPad] Part 3 Developing and Testing the Verbal and Visual Information 8 Communicating Persuasively Considering the Context of Your Argument Understanding Your Audience’s Broader Goals Working Within Constraints Crafting a Persuasive Argument Identifying the Elements of Your Argument Considering Opposing Viewpoints Using the Right Kinds of Evidence *Using Visuals as Persuasive Elements ETHICS NOTE: Using Digital Enhancement Tools Responsibly Appealing to Emotions Responsibly Deciding Where to Present the Claim DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Analyzing Evidence in an Argument Understanding the Role of Culture in PersuasionAvoiding Logical Fallacies Presenting Yourself Effectively GUIDELINES: Creating a Professional Persona ETHICS NOTE: Seeming Honest Versus Being Honest in Persuasive Writing WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 8: Analyzing the Persuasiveness of a Technical Document [in LaunchPad] 9 Emphasizing Important Information Writing Clear, Informative Titles Writing Clear, Informative Headings GUIDELINES: Revising Headings Writing Clear, Informative Lists Write Effective Paragraph Lists Write Effective Sentence Lists GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Lists Writing Clear, Informative Paragraphs Structure Paragraphs Clearly ETHICS NOTE: Avoiding Burying Bad News in Paragraphs GUIDELINES: Dividing Long Paragraphs Use Coherence Devices Within and Between Paragraphs DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Identifying the Elements of a Coherent Paragraph WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 9: Emphasizing Important Information in a Technical Description [in LaunchPad] 10 Writing Correct and Effective Sentences Writing Grammatically Correct Sentences Avoid Sentence Fragments Avoid Comma Splices Avoid Run-on Sentences Avoid Ambiguous Pronoun References Compare Items Clearly Use Adjectives Clearly Maintain Subject-Verb Agreement Maintain Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Use Tenses Correctly Structuring Effective Sentences Emphasize New and Important Information Choose an Appropriate Sentence Length Focus on the "Real" Subject Focus on the "Real" Verb Use Parallel Structure Use Modifiers Effectively Choosing the Right Words and Phrases Select an Appropriate Level of Formality Be Clear and Specific ETHICS NOTE: Euphemisms and Truth Telling Be Concise DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Revising for Conciseness and Simplicity Use Inoffensive Language GUIDELINES: Avoiding Sexist Language *TECH TIP: Why and How to Customize Grammar Checker Features GUIDELINES: Using the People-First Approach Understanding Simplified English for Nonnative Speakers Preparing Text for Translation WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES LEARNINGCURVE: Persuasion, Emphasis, and Effective Sentences (Chs. 8-10) [in LaunchPad] CASE 10: Revising a Document for Nonnative Speakers and for Translation [in LaunchPad] 11 Designing Print and Online Documents Goals of Document Design Understanding Design Principles TUTORIAL: Proofreading for Format Consistency [in LaunchPad] Planning Your Design Analyze Your Audience and Purpose Determine Your Resources Designing Print Documents Size Paper Bindings Navigational Aids *TECH TIP: Why and How To Set Up Pages Designing Print Pages GUIDELINES: Understanding Learning Theory and Page Design Page Layout Columns *TECH TIP: Why and How To Format Columns Typography ETHICS NOTE: Using Type Sizes Responsibly Titles and Headings Other Design Features *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create Borders and Screens *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create Text Boxes *DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Analyzing Page Designs Designing Online Documents Use Design To Emphasize Important Information Create Informative Headers and Footers Help Readers Navigate the Document GUIDELINES: Making Your Documents Easy To Navigate Include Extra Features Your Readers Might Need Help Readers Connect with Others *Consider Matters of Accessibility *GUIDELINES: Designing Accessible Websites Design for Multicultural Audiences ETHICS NOTE: Designing Legal and Honest Online Documents Designing Online Pages Aim for Simplicity GUIDELINES: Designing a Simple Site Make the Text Easy To Read and Understand GUIDELINES: Designing Easy-To-Read Text Create Clear, Informative Links GUIDELINES: Writing Clear, Informative Links WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 11: Designing a Flyer [in LaunchPad] 12 Creating Graphics The Functions of Graphics The Characteristics of an Effective Graphic ETHICS NOTE: Creating Honest Graphics GUIDELINES: Integrating Graphics and Text Understanding the Process of Creating Graphics Planning Graphics Producing Graphics *TECH TIP: Why and How To Insert and Modify Graphics Revising Graphics Citing Sources of Graphics Using Color Effectively Choosing the Appropriate Kind of Graphic Illustrating Numerical Information GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Tables *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create Tables, Charts, and Other Graphics GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Bar Graphs GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Infographics GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Line Graphs GUIDELINES: Creating Effective Pie Charts Illustrating Logical Relationships DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Analyzing a Graphic DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Interactive Graphic [in LaunchPad] Illustrating Process Descriptions and Instructions Illustrating Visual and Spatial Characteristics Tutorial: Photo Editing Basics with GIMP [in LaunchPad] GUIDELINES: Presenting Photographs Effectively *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create and Insert Screen Shots Creating Effective Graphics for Multicultural Readers WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 12: Creating Appropriate Graphics To Accompany a Report [in LaunchPad] 13 *Evaluating and Testing Technical Documents *Understanding Usability Studies *Assessing the Need for a Usability Study *Determining the Goals of the Study *Studying Existing Documents vs. Prototypes *Considering Study Settings *Conducting Guided Evaluations of Technical Documents *Choosing Document Evaluators *Establishing Evaluation Guidelines *Preparing Materials for the Evaluation *Testing Documents in a Controlled Setting *Preparing for the Test *GUIDELINES: Preparing for a Usability Test *Conducting the Test ETHICS NOTE: Understanding the Ethics of Informed Consent DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Obtaining Informed Consent *Testing Documents in Context *Preparing for a Site Visit *Conducting a Test in Context *Monitoring Documents Remotely *Interpreting and Reporting Your Findings *WRITER’S CHECKLIST *EXERCISES *CASE 13: Evaluating a Technical Document [in LaunchPad] Part 4 Learning Important Applications 14 Corresponding in Print and Online Understanding the Process of Writing Correspondence FOCUS ON PROCESS: Correspondence Selecting a Type of Correspondence Presenting Yourself Effectively in Correspondence Use the Appropriate Level of Formality Communicate Correctly Project the "You Attitude" Avoid Correspondence Clichés Communicate Honestly ETHICS NOTE: Writing Honest Business Correspondence Writing Letters Elements of a Letter Common Types of Letters Writing Memos GUIDELINES: Organizing a MemoWriting Emails *TECH TIP: Why and How to Use Email for Business Correspondence GUIDELINES: Following Netiquette DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Following Netiquette in an Email Message Writing Microblogs GUIDELINES: Representing Your Organization on a MicroblogWriting Correspondence to Multicultural Readers WRITER'S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 14: Setting Up and Maintaining a Professional Online Account [in LaunchPad] 15 Applying for a Job Understanding the Job-Application Process FOCUS ON PROCESS: Job-Application MaterialsEstablishing Your Professional Brand Understanding What Employers Want GUIDELINES: Building the Foundation of Your Professional Brand CraftING Your professional Brand GUIDELINES: Presenting Your Professional Brand TUTORIAL: Building Your Professional Brand with LinkedIn, Twitter, and More [in LaunchPad] ETHICS NOTE: Writing Honest Job-Application Materials Finding the Right Position Planning the Job Search Understanding Job-Search Strategies GUIDELINES: Using LinkedIn’s Employment Features Writing Résumés Elements of the Chronological Résumé GUIDELINES: Elaborating on Your Education Elements of the Skills Résumé Preparing a Plain-Text Résumé GUIDELINES: Formatting a Plain-Text Résumé DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Preparing a Résumé DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Blane C. Holden’s Online Portfolio [in LaunchPad] Writing Job-Application Letters Writing Job-Application Letters Preparing for a Job Interview GUIDELINES: Preparing for a Job Interview Following Up After an Interview WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 15: Identifying the Best-of-the-Best Job-Search Sites [in LaunchPad] 16 Writing Proposals Understanding the Process of Writing Proposals FOCUS ON PROCESS: ProposalsThe Logistics of Proposals Internal and External Proposals Solicited and Unsolicited Proposals The "Deliverables" of Proposals Research Proposals Goods and Services Proposals Persuasion and Proposals Understanding Readers’ Needs Describing What You Plan to Do Demonstrating Your Professionalism GUIDELINES: Demonstrating Your Professionalism in a Proposal ETHICS NOTE: Writing Honest Proposals Writing a Proposal The Structure of the Proposal Summary Introduction GUIDELINES: Introducing a Proposal Proposed Program Qualifications and Experience DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Writing the Proposed Program DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Marketing Proposal Pre Presentation [in LaunchPad] Budget Appendixes *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create a Gantt Chart Sample Internal Proposal WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES *CASE 16: Writing the Introduction for a Proposal [in LaunchPad] 17 Writing Informational Reports Understanding the Process of Writing Informational Reports Focus On Process: Informational Reports Writing Directives DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Writing a Persuasive Directive DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: High Plains Water-Level Monitoring Study [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: "Global Forest Change" Interactive Map [in LaunchPad] Writing Field Reports GUIDELINES: Responding to Readers' Questions in a Field Report Writing Progress and Status Reports ETHICS NOTE: Reporting Your Progress Honestly Organizing Progress and Status Reports Concluding Progress and Status Reports GUIDELINES: Projecting an Appropriate Tone in a Progress or Status ReportSample Progress Report Writing Incident Reports Writing Meeting Minutes WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES *CASE 17: Writing a Directive [in LaunchPad] 18 Writing Recommendation Reports Understanding the Role of Recommendation Reports Focus on Process: Recommendation Reports Using a Problem-Solving Model for Preparing Recommendation Reports Identify the Problem or Opportunity Establish Criteria for Responding to the Problem or Opportunity Determine the Options Study Each Option According to the Criteria Draw Conclusions About Each Option Formulate Recommendations Based on the Conclusions ETHICS NOTE: Presenting Honest Recommendations Writing Recommendation Reports Writing the Body of the Report GUIDELINES: Writing Recommendations Writing the Front Matter *TECH TIP: Why and How To Format Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create a Table of Contents GUIDELINES: Writing an Executive Summary Writing the Back Matter DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Analyzing an Executive Summary DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Recommendations Presented in an Audio Podcast [in LaunchPad]Sample Recommendation Report WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 18: Analyzing Decision Matrices [in LaunchPad] 19 Writing Lab Reports Persuasion and Lab Reports Understanding the Process of Writing Lab Reports Understanding the Structure of the Lab Report Title Abstract Introduction GUIDELINES: Writing Equations Materials and Methods Results ETHICS NOTE: Presenting Data Honestly Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Appendixes Understanding the Role of Science and Engineering Articles DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Evaluating Lab ReportsSample Lab Report WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 19: Introducing the Scientific Method Through a Lab Report [in LaunchPad] 20 Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions Writing Definitions DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Evaluating Lab Reports*FOCUS ON PROCESS: Definitions Analyzing the Writing Situation for Definitions Determining the Kind of Definition To Write GUIDELINES: Writing Effective Sentence Definitions Deciding Where To Place the Definition Writing Descriptions *FOCUS ON PROCESS: Descriptions Analyzing the Writing Situation for Descriptions Indicating Clearly the Nature and Scope of the Description Introducing the Description Clearly Providing Appropriate Detail GUIDELINES: Providing Appropriate Detail in Descriptions Ending the Description with a Brief Conclusion A Look at Several Sample Descriptions Writing Instructions *FOCUS ON PROCESS: Instructions Understanding the Role of Instructional Videos Designing a Set of Written Instructions GUIDELINES: Designing Clear, Attractive Pages Planning for Safety ETHICS NOTE: Ensuring Your Readers’ Safety Drafting Effective Instructions GUIDELINES: Drafting Introductions for Instructions GUIDELINES: Drafting Steps in Instructions Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Instructions A Look at Several Sample Sets of Instructions DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Presenting Clear Instructions DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Mechanism Description Using Interactive Graphics [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Process Description Using Video Animation [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Instructions Using Video Demonstration [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Instructions Using Video Screen Capture [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Instructions Using a Combination of Video Demonstration and Screen Capture [in LaunchPad] DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Definition Using Video Animation [in LaunchPad] Writing Manuals WRITER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 20: Choosing a Medium for Presenting Instructions [in LaunchPad] 21 Making Oral Presentations Understanding the Role of Oral Presentations FOCUS ON PROCESS: Oral Presentations Understanding the Process of Preparing and Delivering an Oral Presentation Preparing the Presentation Analyzing the Speaking Situation Organizing and Developing the Presentation GUIDELINES: Introducing the Presentation GUIDELINES: Concluding the Presentation Preparing Presentation Graphics Tutorial: Creating Presentations with PowerPoint and Prezi [in LaunchPad] Tutorial: Audio Recording and Editing with Audacity [in LaunchPad] *TECH TIP: Why and How To Create a Presentation Template *TECH TIP: Why and How To Set List Items To Appear and Dim During a Presentation Choosing Effective Language DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: Integrating Graphics and Text on a Presentation Slide GUIDELINES: Using Memorable Language in Oral Presentations Rehearsing the Presentation Delivering the Presentation Calming Your Nerves GUIDELINES: Releasing Nervous Energy Using Your Voice Effectively Using Your Body Effectively GUIDELINES: Facing an Audience Answering Questions After a Presentation ETHICS NOTE: Answering Questions Honestly Sample Evaluation Form DOWNLOADABLE FORM: Oral Presentation Evaluation Form [in LaunchPad] SPEAKER’S CHECKLIST EXERCISES CASE 21: Understanding the Claim-and-Support Structure for Presentation Graphics [in LaunchPad] APPENDIX Reference Handbook A Skimming Your Sources and Taking Notes Paraphrasing Quoting Summarizing B Documenting Your Sources APA Style IEEE Style MLA Style C Editing and Proofreading Your Documents Punctuation Mechanics Proofreading Symbols and Their Meanings D Guidelines for Multilingual Writers (ESL) Cultural and Stylistic Communication Issues Sentence-Level Issues Selected Bibliography References Index Index of Selected Features