Teaching translation and interpreting 3 : new horizons : papers from the Third Language International Conference, Elsinore, Denmark, 9-11 June 1995

'Selected papers from the Third Language International Conference on Translator and Interpreter Training. Capping the series of conferences on this theme in Denmark, the present volume brings together a choice selection of the papers read by scholars and teachers from five continents and within all specialities in Translation Studies. In combination with the two previous volumes of the same title, the book offers an up-to-date, comprehensive, representative overview focusing on main issues in teaching in the relatively new field of translation. There are informed and incisive discussions of subtitling, interpreting and translation, spanning from its historical beginnings to presentations of machine translation and predictions of the future of translation work. Contributions ranging from discussions on the interplay between theory and teaching, teaching literary translation, introducing students to central issues in translation practice, and historical and social issues in teaching translation.' BTL 16 TEACHING TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING 3 1 Editorial page 2 Title page 3 Copyright page 4 Table of contents 5 EDITORS' FOREWORD 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14 TRANSLATION IN HISTORY AND SOCIETY 15 TEACHING THE HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 17 Background 17 Objectives 18 Why study history? 19 Why study the history of translation? 19 Historiography of translation 20 Constructing a course 22 The iconography of translation 24 Assignments 24 Conclusion 24 Notes 25 THE EMERGENCE OF THE TEACHING OF TRANSLATION 27 Introduction 27 A stylised picture of language acquisition vs teaching of translation 28 The ideology of teaching 29 The four generations of teachers 29 The 'certainty-uncertainty' axis 32 Generations and changes in emphasis 33 Source texts and directionality 34 From secretiveness to collectivity and theory 36 Concluding remarks 37 Notes 38 TRANSLATION CURRICULA DEVELOPMENT IN CHINESE COMMUNITIES 39 Historical cases 39 The People's Republic of China 40 Singapore 42 Hong Kong 44 Taiwan 49 Towards a conclusion 50 Notes 50 TEACHING THEORY AND CULTURE 53 TEACHING - TRANSLATION - THEORY: COMMUNICATIVE HORIZONS FOR CRITICAL PRACTICES 55 Notes 61 TRANSLATION THEORY TEACHING: CONNECTING THEORY AND PRACTICE 63 Introduction 63 Basis of the curriculum 65 The problems of transfer of training 66 Towards some possible approaches 67 Conclusions 69 TEACHING TRANSLATION THEORY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEMES 71 Memes 71 Risks 72 Remedies 75 CONTRASTIVE CULTURE LEARNING IN TRANSLATOR TRAINING 81 Introduction 81 The concept of 'translation-oriented bicultural competence' 81 A contrastive approach 83 Towards a pedagogical application 84 Teaching methods 85 Conclusion 86 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES 89 Introduction 89 Social and cultural differences in translation teaching 89 Teaching translation at the initial stages of language learning 90 Compromise and compensation 93 Concluding remarks 95 ETHNOCULTURAL PECULIARITIES IN TRANSLATION FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES 97 Conclusion 100 TEACHING AND STUDENTS 103 POSTMODERNISM AND THE TEACHING OF TRANSLATION 105 Notes 111 REINFORCING OR CHANGING NORMS IN SUBTITLING 113 THE SENTENCE GROUP: THE KEY DISCOURSAL LEVEL IN TRANSLATION TEACHING 119 Levels of discourse 119 Types of sentence groups 121 Cohesion in the sentence group 122 Coherence in the sentence group 123 Concluding remarks 124 Notes 125 TEACHING DIALOGUE INTERPRETING 127 Case studies and analyses 128 Feedback from students and graduates 135 Conclusion 135 Notes 135 TEACHING LITERARY TRANSLATION: "THE TRANSLATION HAPPENS WHEN YOU READ IT" 137 Introduction 137 The focus: Newtonian apples gravitate towards the translator's mind 137 "Give me somewhere to stand, and I will move the Earth" (Archimedes) 139 "Reality happens when we look at it" (Danah Zohar) 140 Responsibility: the apple of knowledge in the student's mind 141 Prospection: the myth of a perfect translation 142 Retrospection: the myth of equivalence 143 Conclusion 143 AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY: OUR STUDENTS AS PARTNERS 145 QUESTIONNAIRE 148 Conclusion 151 VICTORY OVER FEAR: LITERARY TRANSLATION AS A CARNIVALISTIC TEACHING TOOL 153 Teaching literary translation 153 Reading and dialogics 154 Carnivalism 156 Victory over fear 157 Notes 159 DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES AND THE TEACHING OF LITERARY TRANSLATION 161 The course 161 The students 162 My approach 162 Working model devised for the students 163 The working model involves a three-stage operation: 164 Discussion 167 Student feedback 168 Notes 170 STUDENTS' RESEARCH FOR TRANSLATION 171 Notes 176 TEACHING LITERARY TRANSLATION - A STUDENT'S POINT OF VIEW 179 Background information 179 The programme today 179 The educational framework 180 The languages 180 Teaching methods 181 Theory vs practice 182 Future plans 182 ASSESSMENT AND SKILLS IN SCREEN TRANSLATION 185 New European horizons 185 A European dimension to teaching screen translation 186 Assessment developments 188 Linguistic skills 189 Technical skills 192 Conclusion 194 ASSESSMENT OF SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING 195 Introduction 195 The students 195 The objectives of the feedback sheet 195 Assessment criteria 196 The feedback sheet 198 Assessment of simultaneous interpreting 199 Procedure for individual assessment after class 200 Exemplification 201 Concluding remarks 202 Notes 202 QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN SCHOOL VS PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATION 205 Claim for real situations, real texts and real readers 206 Translation teacher vs editorial reviser 207 Process and product-oriented approaches 207 Teachers' strategies vs revisers' strategies 209 Conclusions and suggestions for further research 210 STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONAL REALITY 213 A TRANSLATION PROGRAM FOR A UNIQUE POPULATION 215 Introduction 215 The student population 216 Entry evaluation 216 Evaluation of writing skills in the dominant language 217 The challenges 217 Conclusion 220 Notes 220 LANGUAGE-SPECIFIC STRATEGIES IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING 221 Description of the study 222 Standard expression - verb-final structure 224 Short-term memory overload - verb-final structure 225 Encyclopedic knowledge 226 Different word order of the phrases 226 Lexical and morpho-semantic aspects 227 Concluding remarks 229 Notes 230 TAKING CARE OF THE SENSE IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING 231 The UN Language Training Course in Moscow 233 Discussion 235 The refresher course for conference interpreters at MISTI 237 Concluding remarks 239 CREATING THE 'OTHER': A PRAGMATIC TRANSLATION TOOL 241 A pragmatic tool for translation 242 The model 243 Table 1. Questions asked by translators before accepting a commission 243 Creating the 'Other' and applications of the model 247 Note 249 PROFESSIONAL VERSUS STUDENT BEHAVIOUR 251 Professionals versus students as research informants 251 Gaining access to mental processes 252 'Communication' versus 'translation' 253 The use of dictionaries and translators' self-confidence 255 Translators' personality and involvement in their task 256 Conclusions 258 REAL-WORLD CRITERIA IN TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY 259 The status of translation pedagogy today 259 Real-world criteria 260 Enabling and transferable skills 262 Theory and practice 264 Activating student translators' knowledge 265 Conclusions 266 TEACHING AND TECHNOLOGY 269 COMPUTERIZED TRANSLATION MANAGERS AS TEACHING AIDS 271 Example 275 Discussion 276 Concluding comments 276 Notes 276 LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION AS MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS: A NEW TASK FOR EDUCATION 279 Translation and communication: basic changes 280 From one-to-one to one-to-some to one-to-many 289 Translation and language in business communication 292 Consequences for the discipline and for interdisciplinarity 299 THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING 303 WORKS CITED 311 Editors' notes 311 INDEX 329 HIS LAST BOW 344 The series Benjamins Translation Library 345 Editors' Foreword / Cay Dollerup And Vibeke Appel -- Teaching The History Of Translation / Judith Woodsworth -- The Emergence Of The Teaching Of Translation / Cay Dollerup -- Translation Curricula Development In Chinese Communities / Eva Hung -- Teaching -- Translation -- Theory: Communicative Horizons / Christopher Larkosh -- Translation Theory Teaching: Connecting Theory And Practice / Adolfo Gentile -- Teaching Translation Theory: The Significance Of Memes / Andrew Chesterman -- Contrastive Culture Learning In Translator Training / Heidrun Witte -- Teaching Social And Cultural Differences / Alexander Krouglov -- Ethnocultural Peculiarities In Translation For Special Purposes / Antonina Badan -- Postmodernism And The Teaching Of Translation / Rosemary Arrojo -- Reinforcing Or Changing Norms In Subtitling / Irena Kovacic -- The Sentence Group: The Key Discoursal Unit / Li Yunxing -- Teaching Dialogue Interpreting / Leong Ko. Edited By Cay Dollerup, Vibeke Appel. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [303]-318) And Index.