Taxonomic nomenclature : what's in a name -- theory and history

This book suggests an in-depth look at nomenclature in systematics instead of providing another "instruction for use" of various Codes of nomenclature. The focus is on ideas of what taxonomic nomenclature is as a part of the professional language of systematics considered in its full historical and conceptual scope. Basic concepts of nomenclature are outlined, and their development characterized; a hierarchy of fundamental principles of nomenclature are summarized; and the relationship between taxonomic nomenclature and taxonomic theory discussed. This book is addressed to those who would like to go beyond the boundaries of existing Codes to look at the subject from a more general, mostly theoretical standpoint. Key Features • Provides a review of the role of nomenclature in systematics • Reviews the conceptual scope and historical contexts of nomenclature • Analyzes fundamental principles of nomenclature • Outlines the historical development of nomenclature • Reviews the rules of nomenclature in botany, zoology, microbiology, and horticulture Related Titles Mishler, B. D. __What, If Anything, Are Species?__ (ISBN 978-1-4987-1454-9) Pavlinov. I. Ya. __Biological Systematics: History and Theory__ (ISBN 978-0-367-65445-0) Rieppel, O. __Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig__ (ISBN 978-0-367-87645-6) Wilkins, J. S. __Species: The Evolution of an Idea__, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-0-367-65736-9) This book suggests an in-depth look at nomenclature in systematics instead of providing another “instruction for use” of various Codes of nomenclature. The focus is on ideas of what taxonomic nomenclature is as a part of the professional language of systematics considered in its full historical and conceptual scope. Basic concepts of nomenclature are outlined and their development characterized; a hierarchy of fundamental principles of nomenclature summarized; and the relationship between the taxonomic nomenclature and the taxonomic theory discussed. This book is addressed to those who would like to go beyond the boundaries of existing Codes and to look at the subject from a more general, mostly theoretical standpoint.Key Features Provides a review of the role of nomenclature in systematicsReviews the conceptual scope and historical contexts of nomenclatureAnalyzes fundamental principles of nomenclatureOutlines the historical development of nomenclatureReviews the rules of nomenclature in botany, zoology, microbiology, and horticultureRelated Titles Mishler, B. D. What, if anything, are species? (ISBN 978-1-4987-1454-9)Wilkins, J. S. Species: The evolution of an idea, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-0-3676-5736-9)Rieppel, O. Phylogenetic systematics: Haeckel to Hennig (ISBN 978-0-3678-7645-6)Pavlinov. I. Ya. Biological systematics: History and theory (ISBN 978-0-3676-5445-0) Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface 10 Introduction 12 Theoretical Part 16 1 Taxonomic Theory and Nomenclature 18 1.1 The Basics of Taxonomic Theory 18 1.2 How Does Taxonomic Theory Matter? 22 1.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy: A Case Study 26 2 Basic Elements of a Theory of Nomenclature 32 2.1 Basic Thesaurus 33 2.1.1 Nomenclature Concepts, Systems, Codes 33 2.1.2 Nomenclatural Objects 35 2.1.3 Nomenclature Regulators 40 2.1.4 Nomenclatural Activity and Tasks 44 2.2 To the Philosophy of T-Designators 46 2.3 Basic Nomenclature Concepts 53 3 Basic Principles of Nomenclature 58 3.1 General Regulatory Principles 60 3.2 Cognitive Principles 63 3.3 Linguistic Principles 68 3.4 Juridical Principles 74 3.5 Taxonomic Principles 87 3.6 Pragmatic and Other Principles 104 Historical Part 106 4 An Overview and the Beginning 108 4.1 Main Historical Trends and Stages 109 4.2 The Empirical Route 111 4.2.1 Folk Nomenclature 112 4.2.2 Language of Proto-Systematics 114 5 The Essentialist Route 126 5.1 Major Features 126 5.2 Pre-Linnaean Stage 129 5.3 Linnaean Reform 136 6 The Nominalist Route 146 6.1 Dawn of Nominalism 148 6.1.1 Adansonean Reform: A Failed Attempt 149 6.1.2 Affirmation of Binomial Nomenclature 150 6.2 The 19th Century: Basic Issues 155 6.2.1 Rank Fragmentation and Rank Dependence 155 6.2.2 Priority vs. Usage 157 6.2.3 Circumscription vs. Characters vs. Types 158 6.2.4 Classicality vs. Arbitrariness of Names 160 6.3 The 19th Century: Codification of Nomenclature 161 6.3.1 First Codes 162 6.3.1.1 Botany 162 6.3.1.2 Zoology 167 6.3.2 The “Great Schism”: Multiplication of Codes 172 6.3.2.1 Botany 172 6.3.2.2 Zoology 182 6.3.3 Prototypes of BioCode 189 6.4 The 20th Century: Traditions and Innovations 193 6.4.1 Major Trends 193 6.4.2 Botany 198 6.4.3 Zoology 201 6.4.4 Microbiology 204 6.4.5 Cultivated Plants 205 6.5 Draft BioCode 206 7 The Conceptualist Route 208 7.1 Rational-Logical Nomenclature 209 7.2 Phylogenetic Nomenclature 213 Instead of Conclusion: A General Outlook 218 References 222 Index 266 This book suggests an in-depth look at nomenclature in systematics instead of providing another â••instruction for useâ•• of various Codes of nomenclature. The focus is on ideas of what taxonomic nomenclature is as a part of the professional language of systematics considered in its full historical and conceptual scope. Basic concepts of nomenclature are outlined and their development characterized; a hierarchy of fundamental principles of nomenclature summarized; and the relationship between the taxonomic nomenclature and the taxonomic theory discussed. This book is addressed to those who would like to go beyond the boundaries of existing Codes and to look at the subject from a more general, mostly theoretical standpoint.Key Features Provides a review of the role of nomenclature in systematicsReviews the conceptual scope and historical contexts of nomenclatureAnalyzes fundamental principles of nomenclatureOutlines the historical development of nomenclatureReviews the rules of nomenclature in botany, zoology, microbiology, and horticultureRelated Titles Mishler, B. D. What, if anything, are species? (ISBN 978-1-4987-1454-9)Wilkins, J. S. Species: The evolution of an idea, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-0-3676-5736-9)Rieppel, O. Phylogenetic systematics: Haeckel to Hennig (ISBN 978-0-3678-7645-6)Pavlinov. I. Ya. Biological systematics: History and theory (ISBN 978-0-3676-5445-0) Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig traces the development of phylogenetic systematics against the foil of idealistic morphology through 100 years of German biology. It starts with the iconic Ernst Haeckel - the German Darwin from Jena - and the evolutionary morphology he developed. It ends with Willi Hennig, the founder of modern phylogenetic systematics. Written in English, the book presents a unique perspective on a vast body of German biological literature. The book also offers a perspective on German biology in the Third Reich. The author looks at how idealistic morphology and phylogenetic systematics represented two antagonistic traditions in German biology, the first organicist-holistic, the latter empiricist-positivistic. In addition, he explains the ways in which both traditions acquired sociopolitical and ideological connotations, culminating in their accommodation to different strands of Nazi ideology. The book's nine chapters summarize a century of the conceptual development of systematics, describe both the history and philosophy of phylogenetic approaches to the understanding of the history of life, examine the role of important people such as Haeckel, Gegenbauer, Portman, von Bertalanffy, Stresemann, and Hennig, and critically evaluate the impact and influence of Nazism on evolutionary biology. Chapter titles include: The Evolutionary Turn in Comparative Anatomy; Of Parts and Wholes; The Turn against Haeckel; The Rise of Holism in German Biology; The Rise of German ("Aryan") Biology; Ganzheitsbiologie; The Ideological Instrumentalization of Biology; A New Beginning: From Speciation to Phylogenetics; and Grundzuge: The Conceptual Foundations of Phylogenetic Systematics Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel To Hennig Traces The Development Of Phylogenetic Systematics Against The Foil Of Idealistic Morphology Through 100 Years Of German Biology. It Starts With The Iconic Ernst Haeckel--the German Darwin From Jena--and The Evolutionary Morphology He Developed. It Ends With Willi Hennig, The Founder Of Modern Phylogenetic Systematics. Written In English, The Book Presents A Unique Perspective On A Vast Body Of German Biological Literature. The Book Also Offers A Perspective On German Biology In The Third Reich. The Author Looks At How Idealistic Morphology And Phylogenetic Systematics Represented Two Antagonistic Traditions In German Biology, The First Organicist-holistic, The Latter Empiricist-positivistic. In Addition, He Explains The Ways In Which Both Traditions Acquired Socio-political And Ideological Connotations, Culminating In Their Accommodation To Different Strands Of Nazi Ideology. The Book's Nine Chapters Summarize A Century Of The Conceptual Development Of Systematics, Describe Both The History And Philosophy Of Phylogenetic Approaches To The Understanding Of The History Of Life, Examine The Role Of Important People Such As Haeckel, Gegenbauer, Portman, Von Bertalanffy, Stresemann, And Hennig, And Critically Evaluate The Impact And Influence Of Nazism On Evolutionary Biology. Chapter Titles Include: The Evolutionary Turn In Comparative Anatomy; Of Parts And Wholes; The Turn Against Haeckel; The Rise Of Holism In German Biology; The Rise Of German (aryan) Biology; Ganzheitsbiologie; The Ideological Instrumentalization Of Biology; A New Beginning: From Speciation To Phylogenetics; And Grundzüge: The Conceptual Foundations Of Phylogenetic Systematics. This volume reviews the historical roots and theoretical foundations of biological systematics in an approachable text. The author outlines the structure and main tasks of systematics. Conceptual history is characterized as a succession of scientific revolutions. The philosophical foundations of systematic research are briefly reviewed as well as the structure and content of taxonomic theories. Most important research programs in systematics are outlined. The book includes analysis of the principal problematic issues as'scientific puzzles'in systematics. This volume is intended for professional taxonomists, biologists of various specialties, students, as well as all those interested in the history and theory of biology and natural sciences.Key Features Considers the conceptual history of systematics as the framework of evolutionary epistemology Builds a hierarchically organized quasi-axiomatic system of taxonomic theory Contends that more reductionist taxonomic concepts are less objective Supports taxonomic pluralism by non-classic philosophy of science as a normal condition of systematics Documents that'taxonomic puzzles'result from conflict between monistic and pluralistic attitudes Related Titlesde Queiroz, K. et al., eds. Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode (ISBN 978-1-1383-3293-5)Sigwart, J. D. What Species Mean: A User's Guide to the Units of Biodiversity (ISBN 978-1-4987-9937-9)Rieppel, O. Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig (ISBN 978-1-4987-5488-0)Wilkins, J. S. Species: The Evolution of the Idea, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-1-1380-5574-2) "Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig traces the development of phylogenetic systematics against the foil of idealistic morphology through 100 years of German biology. It starts with the iconic Ernst Haeckel―the German Darwin from Jena―and the evolutionary morphology he developed. It ends with Willi Hennig, the founder of modern phylogenetic systematics. Written in English, the book presents a unique perspective on a vast body of German biological literature. The book also offers a perspective on German biology in the Third Reich. The author looks at how idealistic morphology and phylogenetic systematics represented two antagonistic traditions in German biology, the first organicist-holistic, the latter empiricist-positivistic. In addition, he explains the ways in which both traditions acquired socio-political and ideological connotations, culminating in their accommodation to different strands of Nazi ideology. The book’s nine chapters summarize a century of the conceptual development of systematics, describe both the history and philosophy of phylogenetic approaches to the understanding of the history of life, examine the role of important people such as Haeckel, Gegenbauer, Portman, von Bertalanffy, Stresemann, and Hennig, and critically evaluate the impact and influence of Nazism on evolutionary biology."--Back cover This book is an extended argument for abandoning the species rank. Instead, the author proposes that the rank of'species'be replaced by a pluralistic and multi-level view. In such a view, all clades including the smallest identifiable one would be named and studied within a phylogenetic context. What are currently called'species'represent different sorts of things depending on the sort of organisms and processes being considered. This is already the case, but is not formally recognized by those scientists using the species rank in their work. Adopting a rankless taxonomy at all levels would enhance academic studies of evolution and ecology and yield practical benefits in areas of public concern such as conservation. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781498714549, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial license. KEY FEATURES • Proposes the replacement of restrictive species concepts with a pluralistic view • Suggests abandoning the formal taxonomic rank of'species'• Considers zoological, botanical, and microbiological aspects of the species level • Deals with practical issues such as conservation, inventories, and field guides This book is an extended argument for abandoning the species rank. Instead, the author proposes that the rank of "species" be replaced by a pluralistic and multi-level view. In such a view, all clades including the smallest identifiable one would be named and studied within a phylogenetic context. What are currently called "species" represent different sorts of things depending on the sort of organisms and processes being considered. This is already the case, but is not formally recognized by those scientists using the species rank in their work. Adopting a rankless taxonomy at all levels would enhance academic studies of evolution and ecology and yield practical benefits in areas of public concern such as conservation. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. KEY FEATURES • Proposes the replacement of restrictive species concepts with a pluralistic view • Suggests abandoning the formal taxonomic rank of "species" • Considers zoological, botanical, and microbiological aspects of the species level • Deals with practical issues such as conservation, inventories, and field guides This volume reviews the historical roots and theoretical foundations of biological systematics in an approachable text. The author outlines the structure and main tasks of systematics. Conceptual history is characterized as a succession of scientific revolutions. The philosophical foundations of systematic research are briefly reviewed as well as the structure and content of taxonomic theories. Most important research programs in systematics are outlined. The book includes analysis of the principal problematic issues as "scientific puzzles" in systematics. This volume is intended for professional taxonomists, biologists of various specialties, students, as well as all those interested in the history and theory of biology and natural sciences. Key Features Considers the conceptual history of systematics as the framework of evolutionary epistemology Builds a hierarchically organized quasi-axiomatic system of taxonomic theory Contends that more reductionist taxonomic concepts are less objective Supports taxonomic pluralism by non-classic philosophy of science as a normal condition of systematics Documents that "taxonomic puzzles" result from conflict between monistic and pluralistic attitudes Over time the complex idea of'species'has evolved, yet its meaning is far from resolved. This comprehensive work is a fresh look at an idea central to the field of biology by tracing its history from antiquity to today. Species is a benchmark exploration and clarification of a concept fundamental to the past, present, and future of the natural sciences. In this edition, a section is added on the debate over species since the time of the New Synthesis, and brings the book up to date. A section on recent philosophical debates over species has also been added. This edition is better suited non-specialists in philosophy, so that it will be of greater use for scientists wishing to understand how the notion came to be that living organisms form species.Key Selling Features: Covers the philosophical and historical development of the concept of'species'Documents that variation was recognized by pre-Darwinian scholars Includes a section on the debates since the time of the New Synthesis Better suited to non-philosophers "This volume reviews the historical roots and theoretical foundations of biological systematics in an approachable text. The author outlines the structure and main tasks of systematics. Conceptual history is characterized as a succession of scientific revolutions. The philosophical foundations of systematic research are briefly reviewed as well as the structure and content of taxonomic theories. Most important research programs in systematics are outlined. The book includes analysis of the principal problematic issues as 'scientific puzzles' in systematics. This volume is intended for professional taxonomists, biologists of various specialties, students, as well as all those interested in the history and theory of biology and natural sciences."--Back cover "This book a conceptual examination of the role of nomenclature in systematics. It is not just another "instruction for use" of the nomenclature codes. The goal is to review theoretical foundations of taxonomic nomenclature and historical development of its fundamental regulating features"-- Provided by publisher This book presents the theoretical foundations of the biological systematics. The history, structure and main tasks of systematics are summarized. Briefly reviewed are the philosophical foundations of systematics and the structure and content of taxonomic theories.