Takesi Sibata: Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts (Contributions to the Sociology of Language [Csl])

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language. FOREWORD 0. DR. TAKESI SIBATA AND THE PRINCIPAL TRENDS IN JAPANESE SOCIOLINGUISTICS 1. Purpose of this chapter 2. The importance of Dr. Sibata in sociolinguistics 2.1. The quantity of Dr. Sibata’s contributions 2.2. The quality of Dr. Sibata’s contribution 3. Dr. Sibata’s life history and sociolinguistics 3.1. Romanization 3.2. The “Literacy Survey” 3.3. Surveys of language standardization 3.4. Survey of Honorifics 3.5. Linguistic Atlas of Japan and Linguistic Atlas of Itoigawa 3.6. Dr. Sibata’s surveys as a University Professor 4. Characteristics of Dr. Sibata’s Research 4.1. Inductive methodology 4.2. Using the “scientific” method 4.3. Exhaustiveness 4.4. Secular linguistics 4.5. Originality 4.6. The scholastic endeavor (I) THE STUDY OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 1. THE LANGUAGE LIFE OF THE JAPANESE 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. What is ‘language life’? 2. The structure of life and linguistic behavior 3. Communication which relies on speech 4. Situations of linguistic communication 5. Special characteristics of the language life of the Japanese 2. THE SURVEY OF A SPEECH COMMUNITY AND ITS METHODOLOGY 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Dialectology, linguistic geography, and the survey of speech communities 3. The procedure for studying a speech community 4. One method of investigating a speech community 3. A 24 HOUR SURVEY OF THE LANGUAGE LIFE OF THE JAPANESE 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. The language life of the Japanese and the 24 hour survey 2. The method of “the 24 hour survey” 3. The content of the recordings 4. Aims of analysis 5. For future investigation 4. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG INVESTIGATORS OF LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Individual differences between speakers and between interviewers 3. Simple individual differences 4. Individual differences reflecting language history 5. Analysis of survey materials and analysis of individual differences (II) HONORIFICS 5. HONORIFICS AND HONORIFICS RESEARCH 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Special Treatment 2. Diversity of treatment expressions 3. Methods of “keeping distance” 6. THE HONORIFIC PREFIX “O-” IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Lexical factors governing the use of o-. — The 4830 word / 18 informant survey — 3. Social factors governing the use of o- – The 49 word / 472 informant survey – Appendix I: Words with which o- is frequently used Appendix II: Distribution of informants by district (chô) 7. LEARNING TO SAY “HAHA” 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. An outline of the survey 3. Results - (1) Usage and age 4. Results — (2) Differences between Uptown and Downtown 5. Results — (3) Differences between questionnaire and interview results 6. Results — (4) ‘Okâsan’ 7. Conclusions 8. Supplement 1: “Mother is well.” 9. Supplement 2: Addendum 8. THE LANGUAGE LIFE OF MACHINO - THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF HONORIFICS – 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Social stratification and honorific differentiation of kinship terms 3. Honorific behavior in discourse and social conditions 4. Conclusion 5. Materials 6. Acknowledgments 9. HONORIFICS IN A COMMUNITY 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. The local community, the family and the individual 2. Viewpoint of linguistic sociology 3. Honorific system and honorific usage 4. The Kami-Tokikuni community 5. Kinds of address terms 6. Analysis of address terms 7. Differentiation of usage of address terms by addressers 8. Differentiated usage of address terms by addresses 9. Differentiation of usage of self-reference terms by addressers 10. Differentiated usage of self-reference terms by addressees 11. Conclusion: isolation and honorifics (III) LANGUAGE CHANGE 10. THE RISE AND FALL OF DIALECTS 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Standard Language and the creation of the “National Language” in the Meiji era 2. The shift towards the Dialect Eradication Movement 3. The advent of the age of Common Language and the fate of dialects 11. THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE SPEECH COMMUNITY 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Differentiation of linguistic behavior by the age of members of speech communities 2. Age structure revealed through surveys of language standardization and literacy 3. Age as one of the conditioning factors of linguistic behavior 4. Is age structure present in every era 12. 20 YEARS OF THE ITOIGAWA DIALECT 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Aims of this comparison 3. Data gathering 4. Methods of comparison 5. Results of analysis — (1) individual items 6. Results of analysis - (2) overall tendencies Addendum: 13. THE EVOLUTION OF COMMON LANGUAGE IN HOKKAIDO 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Hokkaido and the development of Common Language 2. The Hokkaido survey 3. From first generation to third generation — Bibai 4. From first generation to third generation — Kutchan 5. The development of Hokkaido Common Language 6. The language of third generation informants 7. Ways that “commonization” progresses 14. DIALECT FORMATION IN A SETTLEMENT 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. The linguistic meaning of ‘settlement’ 2. The conditions at the beginning of settlement 3. The relationship between a settlement and other villages 4. The Sakibaru dialect 5. The Mikyô Dialect 6. Changes in dialects 15. PLACE NAMES AS EVIDENCE OF JAPANESE SETTLEMENT IN AINU AREAS 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Place Names in Hokkaido 3. Immigration and Rice Growing in Hokkaido 4. Conclusion (IV) SOCIOLECT AND IDIOLECT 16. GROUP LANGUAGE 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Properties of group language 2. Argot, occupational language and slang 3. Nicknames and terms of endearment 4. The language boss 5. The formation of group language 6. Language in the family 7. Language in groups at a school 8. Student language 9. Occupational language in the workplace 17. GROUP LANGUAGE AND ITS EMERGENCE 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Three kinds of group language 2. Creation of group language 3. Group consciousness 4. Argot and slang: differences and similarities 5. Group language deriving from a so-called language boss 6. Conclusion 18. FAD WORDS AND LANGUAGE BOSSES 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Fad words in fashion 2. Large differences in fad words among groups 3. Downtown, Uptown and Suburbs 4. Intentional fad words 5. Favorable environments for language bosses 6. Conclusion 19. URBANIZATION AND LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL CLASSES 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Gentry and commoners in Miyako 2. Language differences between gentry and commoners 3. Gentry and commoners in Hirara and Karimata 4. Unexpectedly small language differences between gentry and commoners 5. Decreasing linguistic differences due to commoners’ assimilation into the gentry 6. Urbanization as a factor in change 20. CHANGES IN LIFE AND CHANGES IN LANGUAGE - STABILIZATION OF NEW EXPRESSIONS - 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. A variety of expressions 2. Words relating to electric machines 3. The relationship between concept and word 4. Changes in life and changes in language 21. THE MICROTOPONYMY OF A LIMITED AREA CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE VOCABULARY OF AN IDIOLECT 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Introduction 2. The nature of micro-place names 3. A description of the area investigated 4. Method of inquiry 5. Results and analysis 6. Summary (V) NORMS OF LANGUAGE 22. CONSCIOUSNESS OF LANGUAGE NORMS 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Paying attention to language 2. The need for norms 3. Two kinds of norm 4. When rules are necessary 5. Conditions for becoming a rule 6. Norms and style 23. STANDARDS OF PRONUNCIATION 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Standards of language and standards of pronunciation 2. Locating the problem 3. Correct pronunciation 4. Standards of phonological structure 5. Desirable ways of speaking and listening 6. Variant word forms 24. DISCRIMINATORY WORDS AND LINGUISTIC TABOOS 0. Introductory notes by the editors 1. Taboos attached to words 2. Changes in discriminatory words 3. Discriminatory words in compounds 4. Reality without words 5. Towards a revolution in people’s consciousness NOTES REFERENCES COMPLETE WORKS OF TAKESI SIBATA SOURCES OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS INDEX The Contributions to the Sociology of Language series features publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It addresses the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches - theoretical and empirical - supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of scholars interested in language in society from a broad range of disciplines - anthropology, education, history, linguistics, political science, and sociology. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Natalie Fecher.