Taboo Love Collection

1. Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem 1.1. Environment 1.2. Habitat Habitat vs Environment 1.3. Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystem vs Environment vs Ecology 1.4. Components of an Ecosystem Abiotic Components Major Abiotic Limiting Factors Effect of Abiotic Components on Terrestrial Autotrophs Light Frost Snow Temperature Nitrogen Biotic Components Primary Producers/Autotrophs Consumers/Heterotrophs Macro Consumers Micro Consumers [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”? Answer: c) [UPSC 2012] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because Explanation: Answer: a) Dieback 2. Ecology – Principles and Organizations 2.1. Levels of Organizations in Ecology Individual and Species Population Community Stable Community Ecosystem Ecological Niche Difference Between Niche and Habitat Biome Ecotone Characteristics of An Ecotone Ecocline Edge Effect and Edge Species Biosphere 2.2. Principles of Ecology Adaptation Examples of Adaptation Morphological Physiological Behavioural Variation Adaptive radiation Speciation Mutation Natural Selection Evolution Extinction Identifying Populations using Pugmarks [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? Explanation: Answer: b) Niche Archaebacteria (Archaea) and Eubacteria Q. Which of the following are true? Codes: Explanation: Answer: b) 2,3 only Q. Choose the incorrect pairs Codes: Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 2, 3 only (incorrect pairs) [UPSC 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of (2018) Explanation: Extinction Events Answer: d) 3. Functions of an Ecosystem – Succession and Homeostasis 3.1. Ecological Succession Stages in Ecological Succession Primary Succession Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Secondary Succession Explanation Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession Autogenic and Allogenic Succession Succession in Plants Succession in Water 3.2. Homeostasis in Ecosystem [UPSC 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of Explanation: Answer: b) Algae and Fungai [UPSC 2021] In nature, which of the following is/are likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? Select the correct answer using the code given below [UPSC 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of Explanation: Answer: c) Homeostasis Regulate Conform Conformers have not evolved to become regulators Migrate Suspend [UPSC 2013] With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism(s) is/are known as decomposer organism(s)? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Humus Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are detritivores? Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only Interactions Species Effect Comments 1 2 Negative Interactions Positive Interactions Neutral Interactions [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? Explanation: Answer: (a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (NCERT) [2021] Consider the following kinds of organisms: Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2013] With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? Explanation: [UPSC 2011] Consider the following: Which of the above adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on earth? Explanation: Answer: c) 2,3 and 4 only [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? Explanation: Answer: b) [UPSC 2013] Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Excretion of urea and Dead Biomass Burning of coal Answer: c) 1 & 3 only [UPSC 2015] What can be the impact of excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Excessive Fertilization Suppresses N2 Fixers Excessive Fertilization and Nitrogen Leaching Excessive Fertilization Contributes to Acid Rain Answer: c) 2 and 3 only Permian–Triassic Extinction (Third Mass Extinction) [UPSC 2022] Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? Explanation: Answer: b) Rice (excessive irrigation and overuse of fertilisers) [UPSC 2019] Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2018] With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 3 only [UPSC 2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle? Podzols Fore fires are essential for other Ecosystems Fires give new life Catastrophic Forest Fires [UPSC 2013] Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: every single statement is correct Winterkill Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Statement 1) is false; d) 2 and 3 only Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Ecological services offered by the Himalayan States [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) 1 and 3 [UPSC 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Kharai Camel – India’s swimming camels Answer: a) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? Explanation: Answer: c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans [UPSC 2019] Discuss the causes of the depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. The Curious Case of Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project Ecological and Economic Damage [UPSC 2022] “If rainforests and tropical’ forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely, ‘wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? Explanation: [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] With reference to a conservation organisation called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Wetlands International is an NGO. b) 2 only [UPSC 2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? Answer: a) Hope Spots [UPSC 2010] Consider the following statements: Explanation: Answer: d) neither Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Key Points From Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 Prelims Practice: Consider the following statements regarding ‘The State of the World’s Birds’. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only Fragmentation of India’s Tiger Habitats Due to Highways The Curious Case of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes [UPSC 2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of Answer: a) [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: d) Neither [UPSC 2011-12] Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? Explanation: Answer: b) Botanical Garden [UPSC 2016] Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? Explanation: Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements: Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity? Answer: d) all [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests,’ which of the following statements are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2 and 4 only Mains Practice: What do you understand by Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)? While identifying the principles of FLR enumerate the initiatives taken by the Government to restore India’s Forest and Tree Cover.. Prelims Practice: “Seoul Declaration”, which was in the news recently, is related to? Explanation: Prelims Practice: Recently AFFIRM and SAFE initiatives were in news. They are related to? Explanation: [UPSC 2015] With reference to the IUCN and the CITES, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements in respect of TRAFFIC: Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) [UPSC 2011-12] The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of Which of the statement given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Shivalik Gangetic Plain Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats The Northeast Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which one of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only Which of the above is/are endangered? Explanation: Answer: d) none Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is / are correct? Answer: c) Similar Topic: Earth Day Network (EDN) & Earth Day [UPSC 2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (250words) With reference to the states mentioned above, in terms of percentage of forest cover to the total area of State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order? Answer: c) 3-2-4-1 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Applications of Pyrolysis Advantages of Pyrolysis Geography and Climate Polluting Industries in close vicinity Vehicular Emissions Farm Straw Burning Winters are more polluted than summers in Delhi. Why? Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants? Explanation: Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) all Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) all Explanation: More details: Answer: d) nitrous oxide (laughing gas; a strong GHG) and sulphur dioxide Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are the cause(s) of acid rain? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 4 only Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Impact on Monsoons High concentration of condensation nuclei disrupts regional patterns of Indian monsoons Explanation: Question: The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for ozone depletion at poles? India’s UNFCCC commitments (INDCs) [UPSC 2020] What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (250 words). Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: b) 2, 3 and 4 only Which of the statements given above are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only Phytoplankton Chlorophyll Answer: a) Current Affairs-Based question. Keep track of similar developments. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Bioremediation is limited to biodegradable compounds. Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2 Select the correct answer using the code given Below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which of the statements given above are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all Explanation: Answer: d) Answer: c) Mains Practise: “There can be no excuse for using the developing world as the dumping ground for the toxic effluent of the affluent.” Examine this statement in light of the Basel Ban Amendment. (250 Words) Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only Answer: c) e-waste Explanaton: Answer: b) 1, 2 & 4 Only or d) all (tricky question) Explanation: Answer: c) 1 & 3 Only Which of the statements given above are correct? Furnace oil is a residue of crude oil. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2022] Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard ? (Answer in 250 words) Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2, and 3 only [Mains 2020] The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. (150 words). Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? Explanation: Answer: d) all Explanation: Answer: d) the infrared part of the solar radiation (outgoing radiation). [UPSC 2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (2013) [UPSC 2019]How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words)  [UPSC 2017] How does the cryosphere affect global climate? (2017)  [UPSC 2018] Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? (2018)  [UPSC 2015] What is the economic significance of discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea & its possible environmental consequences? (2015) [UPSC 2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (250 words) [UPSC 2017] 'Climate change' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? Mains Practise: What are the consequences of Global Warming (anthropogenic impact) on the Indian weather conditions? Answer: a) Answer: a) [UPSC 2019] Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 1 and 2 only Explanation: Answer: d) reducing the global warming [UPSC 2020] Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (250 words). Nature conservation Land Marine environment Atmosphere Explanation: Answer: a) Correct Answer: b) 2 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Explanation: Answer: a) Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only Answer: b) [UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (250 words) Explanation: Answer d) [UPSC 2014] Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2021] Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (Answer in 250 words) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 (UPSC Official Key) Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’? Answer: d) Answer: a) Select the correct answer using the code given Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2020] How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (250 words) Explanation: Answer: a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger (Bengal Tiger’s IUCN status is ‘Endangered’). Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Answer: a) a license is required Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2016]Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: a) Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only Which of the above statement(s) are false? Explanation: Answer: D) None Answer: a) Explanation: Net Metering [2015] To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: c) 3 only Which of the statements given above is /are correct? Answer: b) 1 and 3 only  [UPSC 2020] What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (150 words).  [UPSC 2019] How was India benefited from the contributions of Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering & agricultural science respectively? [UPSC 2017] Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? Which of the above is / are used as biofertilizer / biofertilizers Answer: b) 2 only Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2017] Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economic benefits of Organic State? Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all 4. Functions of an Ecosystem – Trophic Levels 4.1. Food Chain Grazing food chain Detritus food chain 4.2. Food Web Types of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web 4.3. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers – Upright Pyramid of Numbers – Inverted Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Pyramid of Energy Ecological Efficiency Explanation Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Biomagnification – Pollutants and Trophic Level Bioaccumulation Biomagnification 5. Functions of an Ecosystem – Biogeo Chemical Cycling 5.1. Types of Nutrient Cycles 5.2. Carbon Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Steps in Carbon Cycle 5.3. Nitrogen Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Nitrogen Fixing – N2 to Ammonia (NH3) N2-fixers Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates Importance of Nitrification Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Summary 5.4. Methane Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Natural Sources of Methane Emissions Wetlands Termites Oceans Methane Hydrates Human Sources of Methane Emissions Landfills Wastewater Treatment Fossil Fuels Livestock Rice Cultivation Biomass Burning Methane Sink Reaction with the hydroxyl radical Methane Hydrates 5.5. Phosphorus Cycle (Sedimentary cycle) 5.6. Sulphur Cycle (Mostly Sedimentary Cycle) Steps in Sulphur Cycle 6. Natural Ecosystems 6.1. Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes Major Biomes Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Tundra Biome Taiga or Boreal Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe – British Type Climate) Temperate Rainforest Biome Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) Tropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Managed Fires Rejuvenates Savannas Tropical Rainforest Biome Importance of Rainforests Climate Importance of the Amazon Rainforest Threats: Frequent Fires in the Amazon Rainforest Prolonged droughts due to climate change Slash and burn agricultural practice Political Discourse and Land grabbers How do the fires in Amazon affect the world? Carbon sink to carbon source and global warming Forest fires intensify droughts Pollution and Global Warming Forest Fires and Droughts Make Way for Grasslands (Decrease in Productivity) Threats: Plantation Boom, Resource Extraction Effects of Destroying Rainforests Soil Degradation Droughts and famine Commercial plantation crops would fail in the long run Extinction of indigenous communities Desert Biome 6.2. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Organisms Factors Limiting the Productivity Sunlight Photic zone Aphotic zone Dissolved oxygen Temperature 6.3. Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods Quantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Global scenario Amazon Fund Gross Environment Product (GEP) and Green GDP Ecosystem Services by Seagrass Importance of Seagrass Threats faced by seagrass Eutrophication Ecosystem Services by Seaweed Commercial Significance Ecological Importance of Seaweed Cultivation Treating coastal pollution Oxygen and Nutrient Supply Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation (OMA) Other Utilities Seaweed Cultivation: Potential in India Challenges to seaweed harvesting in India 7. Wetland Ecosystem 7.1. Differences Between Wetlands and Lakes 7.2. Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Importance of Estuaries Ecological Importance Economic Importance Estuarine Vegetation Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Threats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem 7.3. Mangroves Adaptive Mechanism of Mangroves Mangroves in India Mangroves of Sundarbans Bengal tigers may not survive climate change Other major Mangrove Forests on the East Coast Mangrove Forests on the West Coast Global Status of Mangrove Cover Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics? Importance of mangroves Threats to Mangroves Aquaculture, Agriculture and Salt Ponds Threat Consequences Coastal Development and Lumbering Threat Consequence: Habitat loss and climate vulnerability Climate Change Replantation Does not Produce Optimum Results 7.4. Importance of Wetlands 7.5. Reasons for the Depletion of Wetlands Mitigation of Wetland Destruction 7.6. Measures to Protect Wetlands of India National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 State Wetland Authority What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Rules? Prohibited activities (very much similar to the 2011 rules) Concerns 7.7. Measures to Protect Global Wetlands Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Criteria for Identification of Wetlands Contracting Parties (COP) to Ramsar Convention The Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties International Organisation Partners Other Partners Wetlands International Ramsar Site Deletion from the List Transboundary Ramsar Sites The Montreux Record 8. Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity 8.1. Terms Related to Biodiversity Biodiversity Species Richness Species Evenness Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Endemism Species Types Keystone species Bioprospecting Biopiracy 8.2. Biodiversity of India Realms Biomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces 8.3. Biodiversity Hot Spots Biodiversity Hotspots in India 8.4. Loss of Biodiversity The Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report Living Planet Report 2022 The State of the World’s Birds 8.5. Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequence: Barrier Effect and Associated Damage Explanation Alien Species Invasions Consequence: Destruction of Sholas by Invasive Species Even the grasslands are in danger How are invasive species introduced into an ecosystem? Threats to native wildlife from invasive species Over-Exploitation Species Extinction Co-extinctions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO/Transgenic Organisms) Trade in Wildlife Pollution and Climate Change 8.6. Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity Affects Livelihood Food and Nutritional Security Crisis Human-animal Conflict Causes Impacts Preventive and Mitigation strategies Culling – Conservation or Biodiversity loss? Natural culling Culling by humans – controlled culling Why did controlled culling become necessary? The practice of Culling worldwide Animal Welfare Activists vs Pro Culling Lobby Increased Zoonoses due to Habitat Loss How does the change in ecosystems and biodiversity loss help Zoonoses thrive? Adverse Changes to Biotic Interactions 9. Biodiversity Conservation 9.1. In situ conservation Reserved and Protected Forests Wildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges Tiger Reserves National Park Biosphere Reserve UNESCO’s Criteria for designation Seville Strategy Core Buffer Strategy Core area Buffer zone Transition area Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) Legal Status Activities Prohibited/Restricted/Allowed in ESZs Conservation Reserves Community Reserves Sacred Groves 9.2. Ex Situ Conservation 9.3. National Initiatives Wildlife Mitigation Measures – Eco-Bridges Quarantine Centres to Check Invasive Species Issues with the functioning of the quarantine centres Preservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Eastern Ghats  The Eastern Ghats are spread across ~75,000 sq km and run from northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south, passing some parts of Karnataka and Telangana.  Unlike the Western Ghats, these are discontinuous hills as they are eroded and cut through by the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers. Madhav Gadgil Committee Recommendations of Gadgil Committee (WGEEP) Report Kasturirangan Committee Recommendations of the Kasturirangan Committee October 2018 notification Historic Citizen Movements Chipko Movement Role of Sunderlal Bhaguna Role of Women in the Movement Appiko Movement Anti-Tehri Dam Protest 9.4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) Aichi Biodiversity Targets Sharm El Sheikh Declaration – New Deal for Nature COP-15 of the UN CBD India’s Demands at COP 15 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4 Global Goals by 2050 23 Global Targets By 2030 1) Reducing threats to biodiversity (by 2030) – 8 Targets 2) Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (by 2030) – 5 Targets 3) Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (by 2030) – 10 Targets 9.5. Other International Efforts Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR) Bonn Challenge Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) World Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration Initiatives By The UN United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10. Wildlife Conservation 10.1. Regulating Trade in Wildlife Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Parties to CITES Conference of Parties to CITES (CoP) Functioning of CITES The protection offered to species by CITES The 18th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18) 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19) India’s Proposals Jeypore Ground (Indian) Gecko (EN) North Indian Rosewood/ 1. Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem 1.1. Environment 1.2. Habitat Habitat vs Environment 1.3. Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystem vs Environment vs Ecology 1.4. Components of an Ecosystem Abiotic Components Major Abiotic Limiting Factors Effect of Abiotic Components on Terrestrial Autotrophs Light Frost Snow Temperature Nitrogen Biotic Components Primary Producers/Autotrophs Consumers/Heterotrophs Macro Consumers Micro Consumers [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”? Answer: c) [UPSC 2012] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because Explanation: Answer: a) Dieback 2. Ecology – Principles and Organizations 2.1. Levels of Organizations in Ecology Individual and Species Population Community Stable Community Ecosystem Ecological Niche Difference Between Niche and Habitat Biome Ecotone Characteristics of An Ecotone Ecocline Edge Effect and Edge Species Biosphere 2.2. Principles of Ecology Adaptation Examples of Adaptation Morphological Physiological Behavioural Variation Adaptive radiation Speciation Mutation Natural Selection Evolution Extinction Identifying Populations using Pugmarks [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? Explanation: Answer: b) Niche Archaebacteria (Archaea) and Eubacteria Q. Which of the following are true? Codes: Explanation: Answer: b) 2,3 only Q. Choose the incorrect pairs Codes: Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 2, 3 only (incorrect pairs) [UPSC 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of (2018) Explanation: Extinction Events Answer: d) 3. Functions of an Ecosystem – Succession and Homeostasis 3.1. Ecological Succession Stages in Ecological Succession Primary Succession Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Secondary Succession Explanation Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession Autogenic and Allogenic Succession Succession in Plants Succession in Water 3.2. Homeostasis in Ecosystem [UPSC 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of Explanation: Answer: b) Algae and Fungai [UPSC 2021] In nature, which of the following is/are likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? Select the correct answer using the code given below [UPSC 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of Explanation: Answer: c) Homeostasis Regulate Conform Conformers have not evolved to become regulators Migrate Suspend [UPSC 2013] With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism(s) is/are known as decomposer organism(s)? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Humus Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are detritivores? Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only Interactions Species Effect Comments 1 2 Negative Interactions Positive Interactions Neutral Interactions [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? Explanation: Answer: (a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (NCERT) [2021] Consider the following kinds of organisms: Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2013] With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? Explanation: [UPSC 2011] Consider the following: Which of the above adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on earth? Explanation: Answer: c) 2,3 and 4 only [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? Explanation: Answer: b) [UPSC 2013] Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Excretion of urea and Dead Biomass Burning of coal Answer: c) 1 & 3 only [UPSC 2015] What can be the impact of excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Excessive Fertilization Suppresses N2 Fixers Excessive Fertilization and Nitrogen Leaching Excessive Fertilization Contributes to Acid Rain Answer: c) 2 and 3 only Permian–Triassic Extinction (Third Mass Extinction) [UPSC 2022] Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? Explanation: Answer: b) Rice (excessive irrigation and overuse of fertilisers) [UPSC 2019] Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2018] With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 3 only [UPSC 2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle? Podzols Fore fires are essential for other Ecosystems Fires give new life Catastrophic Forest Fires [UPSC 2013] Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: every single statement is correct Winterkill Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Statement 1) is false; d) 2 and 3 only Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Ecological services offered by the Himalayan States [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) 1 and 3 [UPSC 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Kharai Camel – India’s swimming camels Answer: a) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? Explanation: Answer: c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans [UPSC 2019] Discuss the causes of the depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. The Curious Case of Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project Ecological and Economic Damage [UPSC 2022] “If rainforests and tropical’ forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely, ‘wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? Explanation: [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] With reference to a conservation organisation called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Wetlands International is an NGO. b) 2 only [UPSC 2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? Answer: a) Hope Spots [UPSC 2010] Consider the following statements: Explanation: Answer: d) neither Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Key Points From Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 Prelims Practice: Consider the following statements regarding ‘The State of the World’s Birds’. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only Fragmentation of India’s Tiger Habitats Due to Highways The Curious Case of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes [UPSC 2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of Answer: a) [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: d) Neither [UPSC 2011-12] Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? Explanation: Answer: b) Botanical Garden [UPSC 2016] Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? Explanation: Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements: Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity? Answer: d) all [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests,’ which of the following statements are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2 and 4 only Mains Practice: What do you understand by Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)? While identifying the principles of FLR enumerate the initiatives taken by the Government to restore India’s Forest and Tree Cover.. Prelims Practice: “Seoul Declaration”, which was in the news recently, is related to? Explanation: Prelims Practice: Recently AFFIRM and SAFE initiatives were in news. They are related to? Explanation: [UPSC 2015] With reference to the IUCN and the CITES, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements in respect of TRAFFIC: Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) [UPSC 2011-12] The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of Which of the statement given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Shivalik Gangetic Plain Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats The Northeast Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which one of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only Which of the above is/are endangered? Explanation: Answer: d) none Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is / are correct? Answer: c) Similar Topic: Earth Day Network (EDN) & Earth Day [UPSC 2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (250words) With reference to the states mentioned above, in terms of percentage of forest cover to the total area of State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order? Answer: c) 3-2-4-1 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Applications of Pyrolysis Advantages of Pyrolysis Geography and Climate Polluting Industries in close vicinity Vehicular Emissions Farm Straw Burning Winters are more polluted than summers in Delhi. Why? Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants? Explanation: Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) all Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) all Explanation: More details: Answer: d) nitrous oxide (laughing gas; a strong GHG) and sulphur dioxide Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are the cause(s) of acid rain? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 4 only Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Impact on Monsoons High concentration of condensation nuclei disrupts regional patterns of Indian monsoons Explanation: Question: The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for ozone depletion at poles? India’s UNFCCC commitments (INDCs) [UPSC 2020] What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (250 words). Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: b) 2, 3 and 4 only Which of the statements given above are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only Phytoplankton Chlorophyll Answer: a) Current Affairs-Based question. Keep track of similar developments. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Bioremediation is limited to biodegradable compounds. Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2 Select the correct answer using the code given Below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which of the statements given above are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all Explanation: Answer: d) Answer: c) Mains Practise: “There can be no excuse for using the developing world as the dumping ground for the toxic effluent of the affluent.” Examine this statement in light of the Basel Ban Amendment. (250 Words) Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only Answer: c) e-waste Explanaton: Answer: b) 1, 2 & 4 Only or d) all (tricky question) Explanation: Answer: c) 1 & 3 Only Which of the statements given above are correct? Furnace oil is a residue of crude oil. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2022] Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard ? (Answer in 250 words) Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2, and 3 only [Mains 2020] The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. (150 words). Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? Explanation: Answer: d) all Explanation: Answer: d) the infrared part of the solar radiation (outgoing radiation). [UPSC 2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (2013) [UPSC 2019]How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words)  [UPSC 2017] How does the cryosphere affect global climate? (2017)  [UPSC 2018] Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? (2018)  [UPSC 2015] What is the economic significance of discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea & its possible environmental consequences? (2015) [UPSC 2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (250 words) [UPSC 2017] 'Climate change' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? Mains Practise: What are the consequences of Global Warming (anthropogenic impact) on the Indian weather conditions? Answer: a) Answer: a) [UPSC 2019] Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 1 and 2 only Explanation: Answer: d) reducing the global warming [UPSC 2020] Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (250 words). Nature conservation Land Marine environment Atmosphere Explanation: Answer: a) Correct Answer: b) 2 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Explanation: Answer: a) Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only Answer: b) [UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (250 words) Explanation: Answer d) [UPSC 2014] Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1 only Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2021] Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (Answer in 250 words) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation: Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 (UPSC Official Key) Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’? Answer: d) Answer: a) Select the correct answer using the code given Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2020] How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (250 words) Explanation: Answer: a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger (Bengal Tiger’s IUCN status is ‘Endangered’). Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all Answer: a) a license is required Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2016]Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: a) Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Answer: b) 2 only Which of the above statement(s) are false? Explanation: Answer: D) None Answer: a) Explanation: Net Metering [2015] To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: c) 3 only Which of the statements given above is /are correct? Answer: b) 1 and 3 only  [UPSC 2020] What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (150 words).  [UPSC 2019] How was India benefited from the contributions of Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering & agricultural science respectively? [UPSC 2017] Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? Which of the above is / are used as biofertilizer / biofertilizers Answer: b) 2 only Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2017] Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economic benefits of Organic State? Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation: Answer: d) all 4. Functions of an Ecosystem – Trophic Levels 4.1. Food Chain Grazing food chain Detritus food chain 4.2. Food Web Types of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web 4.3. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers – Upright Pyramid of Numbers – Inverted Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Pyramid of Energy Ecological Efficiency Explanation Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Biomagnification – Pollutants and Trophic Level Bioaccumulation Biomagnification 5. Functions of an Ecosystem – Biogeo Chemical Cycling 5.1. Types of Nutrient Cycles 5.2. Carbon Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Steps in Carbon Cycle 5.3. Nitrogen Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Nitrogen Fixing – N2 to Ammonia (NH3) N2-fixers Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates Importance of Nitrification Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Summary 5.4. Methane Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Natural Sources of Methane Emissions Wetlands Termites Oceans Methane Hydrates Human Sources of Methane Emissions Landfills Wastewater Treatment Fossil Fuels Livestock Rice Cultivation Biomass Burning Methane Sink Reaction with the hydroxyl radical Methane Hydrates 5.5. Phosphorus Cycle (Sedimentary cycle) 5.6. Sulphur Cycle (Mostly Sedimentary Cycle) Steps in Sulphur Cycle 6. Natural Ecosystems 6.1. Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes Major Biomes Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Tundra Biome Taiga or Boreal Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe – British Type Climate) Temperate Rainforest Biome Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) Tropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Managed Fires Rejuvenates Savannas Tropical Rainforest Biome Importance of Rainforests Climate Importance of the Amazon Rainforest Threats: Frequent Fires in the Amazon Rainforest Prolonged droughts due to climate change Slash and burn agricultural practice Political Discourse and Land grabbers How do the fires in Amazon affect the world? Carbon sink to carbon source and global warming Forest fires intensify droughts Pollution and Global Warming Forest Fires and Droughts Make Way for Grasslands (Decrease in Productivity) Threats: Plantation Boom, Resource Extraction Effects of Destroying Rainforests Soil Degradation Droughts and famine Commercial plantation crops would fail in the long run Extinction of indigenous communities Desert Biome 6.2. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Organisms Factors Limiting the Productivity Sunlight Photic zone Aphotic zone Dissolved oxygen Temperature 6.3. Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods Quantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Global scenario Amazon Fund Gross Environment Product (GEP) and Green GDP Ecosystem Services by Seagrass Importance of Seagrass Threats faced by seagrass Eutrophication Ecosystem Services by Seaweed Commercial Significance Ecological Importance of Seaweed Cultivation Treating coastal pollution Oxygen and Nutrient Supply Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation (OMA) Other Utilities Seaweed Cultivation: Potential in India Challenges to seaweed harvesting in India 7. Wetland Ecosystem 7.1. Differences Between Wetlands and Lakes 7.2. Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Importance of Estuaries Ecological Importance Economic Importance Estuarine Vegetation Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Threats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem 7.3. Mangroves Adaptive Mechanism of Mangroves Mangroves in India Mangroves of Sundarbans Bengal tigers may not survive climate change Other major Mangrove Forests on the East Coast Mangrove Forests on the West Coast Global Status of Mangrove Cover Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics? Importance of mangroves Threats to Mangroves Aquaculture, Agriculture and Salt Ponds Threat Consequences Coastal Development and Lumbering Threat Consequence: Habitat loss and climate vulnerability Climate Change Replantation Does not Produce Optimum Results 7.4. Importance of Wetlands 7.5. Reasons for the Depletion of Wetlands Mitigation of Wetland Destruction 7.6. Measures to Protect Wetlands of India National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 State Wetland Authority What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Rules? Prohibited activities (very much similar to the 2011 rules) Concerns 7.7. Measures to Protect Global Wetlands Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Criteria for Identification of Wetlands Contracting Parties (COP) to Ramsar Convention The Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties International Organisation Partners Other Partners Wetlands International Ramsar Site Deletion from the List Transboundary Ramsar Sites The Montreux Record 8. Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity 8.1. Terms Related to Biodiversity Biodiversity Species Richness Species Evenness Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Endemism Species Types Keystone species Bioprospecting Biopiracy 8.2. Biodiversity of India Realms Biomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces 8.3. Biodiversity Hot Spots Biodiversity Hotspots in India 8.4. Loss of Biodiversity The Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report Living Planet Report 2022 The State of the World’s Birds 8.5. Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequence: Barrier Effect and Associated Damage Explanation Alien Species Invasions Consequence: Destruction of Sholas by Invasive Species Even the grasslands are in danger How are invasive species introduced into an ecosystem? Threats to native wildlife from invasive species Over-Exploitation Species Extinction Co-extinctions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO/Transgenic Organisms) Trade in Wildlife Pollution and Climate Change 8.6. Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity Affects Livelihood Food and Nutritional Security Crisis Human-animal Conflict Causes Impacts Preventive and Mitigation strategies Culling – Conservation or Biodiversity loss? Natural culling Culling by humans – controlled culling Why did controlled culling become necessary? The practice of Culling worldwide Animal Welfare Activists vs Pro Culling Lobby Increased Zoonoses due to Habitat Loss How does the change in ecosystems and biodiversity loss help Zoonoses thrive? Adverse Changes to Biotic Interactions 9. Biodiversity Conservation 9.1. In situ conservation Reserved and Protected Forests Wildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges Tiger Reserves National Park Biosphere Reserve UNESCO’s Criteria for designation Seville Strategy Core Buffer Strategy Core area Buffer zone Transition area Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) Legal Status Activities Prohibited/Restricted/Allowed in ESZs Conservation Reserves Community Reserves Sacred Groves 9.2. Ex Situ Conservation 9.3. National Initiatives Wildlife Mitigation Measures – Eco-Bridges Quarantine Centres to Check Invasive Species Issues with the functioning of the quarantine centres Preservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Eastern Ghats  The Eastern Ghats are spread across ~75,000 sq km and run from northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south, passing some parts of Karnataka and Telangana.  Unlike the Western Ghats, these are discontinuous hills as they are eroded and cut through by the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers. Madhav Gadgil Committee Recommendations of Gadgil Committee (WGEEP) Report Kasturirangan Committee Recommendations of the Kasturirangan Committee October 2018 notification Historic Citizen Movements Chipko Movement Role of Sunderlal Bhaguna Role of Women in the Movement Appiko Movement Anti-Tehri Dam Protest 9.4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) Aichi Biodiversity Targets Sharm El Sheikh Declaration – New Deal for Nature COP-15 of the UN CBD India’s Demands at COP 15 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4 Global Goals by 2050 23 Global Targets By 2030 1) Reducing threats to biodiversity (by 2030) – 8 Targets 2) Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (by 2030) – 5 Targets 3) Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (by 2030) – 10 Targets 9.5. Other International Efforts Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR) Bonn Challenge Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) World Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration Initiatives By The UN United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10. Wildlife Conservation 10.1. Regulating Trade in Wildlife Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Parties to CITES Conference of Parties to CITES (CoP) Functioning of CITES The protection offered to species by CITES The 18th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18) 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19) India’s Proposals Jeypore Ground (Indian) Gecko (EN) North Indian Rosewood/