T&T Clark Companion to Atonement (Bloomsbury Companions Book 5)

The __T&T Clark Companion to Atonement__ establishes a vision for the doctrine of the atonement as a unified yet extraordinarily rich event calling for the church's full appropriation. Most edited volumes on this doctrine focus on one aspect of the work of Christ (for example, Girard, Feminist thought, Penal Substitution or divine violence). The Companion is unique in that every essay seeks to both appropriate and stimulate the church's understanding of the manifold nature of Christ's death and resurrection. The essays are divided into four main sections: 1) dogmatic location, 2) chapters on the Old and New Testaments, 3) major theologians and 4) contemporary developments. The first set of essays explore the inter-relationship between the atonement and other Christian doctrines (for example Trinity, Christology and Pneumatology), opening up yet further avenues of inquiry. Essays on key theologians eschew reductionism, striving to bring out the nuances and breadth of the contribution. The same is true of the biblical essays. The final section explores more recent developments within the doctrine (for example the work of Rene Girard, and the ongoing reflection on "Holy Saturday"). The book is comprised of 18 major essays, and an A-Z section containing shorter dictionary-length entries on a much broader range of topics. The result is a combination of in-depth analysis and breadth of scope, making this a benchmark work for further studies in the doctrine. Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Atonement: The Shape and State of the Doctrine The Shape of the Doctrine Five Key Elements Theories of the Atonement The Future of the Doctrine Constructive Developments Critique and Polemic Fronts Summary 2 These Three Atone: Trinity and Atonement Trinity and Atonement: Doctrinal Obligations Trinity in Atonement Atonement in Trinity Atonement and the Praise of Triune Glory 3 Atonement and Incarnation Person and Work What Kind of Incarnation? What Kind of Atonement? The God Who Atones: Divine “Becoming” Incarnate Atonement: Taking Flesh Flesh and its Destiny The Primacy of Christ 4 Resurrection and Atonement in the Theology of Thomas F. Torrance Resurrection and Justification The Resurrection and Reconciliation Resurrection and the Knowledge of God The Resurrection and Redemption 5 The Atonement and the Holy Spirit Introduction The Who and the How of the Holy Spirit The Atonement in Pneumatological Perspective The Mission and Origin of the Spirit Conclusion 6 God’s Reconciling Work: Atonement in the Old Testament Misconception 1: “Atonement” is Synonymous with Divine Reconciliation Misconception 2: Atonement is Properly about “Propitiation” and “Penal Substitution” Expiation in Leviticus Expiation as Representative and Participatory Expiation as Objective and Necessary Misconception 3: Atonement Involves a Single Mode of Reconciliation Misconception 4: Atonement Pertains Only to People Misconception 5: Divine Agency is Exclusively Forensic and Not Also Cosmic Christian Appropriation 7 Theologies of the Atonement in the New Testament Jesus and the Gospels: An Overview The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles Salvation and Exaltation Jesus’s Atoning Death Jesus and Isaiah’s Servant The Writings of John The Fourth Gospel 1 John The Book of Revelation Paul A Sample Text: Romans 3:21–26 Atonement Metaphors in Paul General Epistles Hebrews 1 Peter A Diversity of Images 8 Athanasius’s Incarnational Soteriology Contra Gentes: A Soteriological Prolegomena Being Created in the image of the Word The Nature of Sin and Its Consequences The Centrality of the Divine Word De Incarnatione: Jesus, the Incarnate Savior The Father’s Dilemma The Incarnation: The Restoration of Incorruptibility The Christian’s Soteriological Testimony to the Cross and Resurrection Athanasius’s Incarnational Soteriology— Anti-Arian/Pro-Nicene Works Defining the Incarnational-Soteriological “Becoming” Incarnational Soteriology Pneumatological Soteriology Conclusion 9 St. Gregory of Nyssa on the Dynamics of Salvation Introduction Approaching the Cappadocian Doctrine of Salvation Patristic “Atonement” Theory Gregory of Nyssa’s Sense of Salvation in Christ Conclusion 10 Anselmian Atonement 11 Thomas Aquinas’s Pauline Theology of the Atonement The Pauline Corpus and the Centrality of Indwelling Grace for At-one-ment Colossians 1:18–20—Atonement and the Union of Head and Members Romans 3:21–26 Conclusion—Setting Aside the Aulén Paradigm 12 The Fury of Love: Calvin on the Atonement The Rhetoric of Atonement Jesus Christ, Mediator Atonement and the Christian Life Conclusion 13 Karl Barth Introduction Atonement and the Perfections of Divine Love Election and Atonement Atonement in Barth’s Doctrine of Reconciliation Self-Humiliation and the Cry of Dereliction in the Triune Life Atonement and the Overcoming of Sin Atonement and the Creation of New Humanity Conclusion 14 Christ’s Descent into Hell Myth, Apocalyptic, and Apocrypha Old and New Testaments The Fathers through the Reformation: An Overview Conclusion: The Descent in the Theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar 15 The Persistence of the Ransom Theory of the Atonement Apocalyptic and Political Theology Gregory of Nyssa as Model Ransom Theorist The Afterlife of the Ransom Theory in Anselm The Legacy of the Ransom Theory in Political Theology Conclusion 16 Penal Substitution The Idea of Penal Substitution The Plausibility of Penal Substitution: Responding to Criticisms First Criticism: Is God Subject to the Law? Second Criticism: Can Guilt be Transferred? Third Criticism: Trinitarian Concerns Fourth Criticism: A Merely Negative Righteousness Fifth Criticism: Legitimizing Violence The History of Penal Substitution The Bible Confessional Documents Individual Writers The Changing Cultural Plausibility of Penal Substitution The Future of Penal Substitution The Role of Historical Theology The Nature of Atonement Doctrine 17 Methodological Issues in Approaching the Atonement Approaching the Atonement Motifs and Metaphors Doctrine Model Theories The Relationship between Motifs, Metaphors, Doctrines, Models, and Theories The Upshot 18 Crucified—So What? Feminist Rereadings of the Cross-Event In Light of Women’s Experience “Jesus Was a Feminist, But So What?” The Glorification of Suffering Jesus, “The Ultimate Surrogate Figure” Jesus, “The Divine Co-Sufferer” The Power of God—The Compassion of God Abusive or Abused The Cross as a Kenosis of Patriarchy Christa—A Crucified Woman Symbol of Hope Essays 19 Peter Abelard Bibliography 20 Acts (Book of) Bibliography 21 Angels Bibliography 22 The Apostolic Fathers Bibliography 23 Ascension Bibliography 24 Augustine Identification Incorporation Transformation Conclusion Bibliography 25 Gustaf Aulén Bibliography 26 Baptism Bibliography 27 Bernard of Clairvaux Bibliography 28 Blood Bibliography 29 Bonaventure Bibliography 30 Book of the Twelve Prophecy and the Torah Models for the Atonement in the Torah The Torah and the Twelve Divine Sin-Bearing and Israel Bibliography 31 Rudolf Bultmann Bibliography 32 John McLeod Campbell Campbell’s Theological Journey Atonement as the Natural Development of the Incarnation The Flesh of Christ Differed Not In One Particle From Mine The Nature of the Atonement Retrospective—Christ’s Witnessing with Humanity on the Part of God Retrospective—Christ’s Dealing with God on Behalf of Humanity Prospective—Christ’s Witnessing for the Father to Humanity Prospective—Christ’s Dealing with the Father on Our Behalf Bibliography 33 Catherine of Siena Selected Bibliography 34 Covenant Covenant Is Indispensable for the Context of Atonement Covenant Is Intrinsic to the Definition of Atonement Covenant Is Integrative in the Doctrine of Atonement Bibliography 35 Thomas Cranmer Bibliography 36 Creation and Animals Bibliography 37 Creeds Bibliography 38 Culture Benefits of Dialogue between Atonement Theory and Culture: Golgotha and The Green Mile Theological Dialogue with Popular Culture May Shed Light on Existential Questions Theological Dialogue with Popular Culture May Help to Resolve Theological Puzzles Theological Dialogue with Popular Culture Can Serve as Reminders of Biblical Themes Theological Dialogue with Popular Culture: Practical Implications and Applications Concluding Words Bibliography 39 Cyril of Alexandria Bibliography 40 Ecclesiology Bibliography 41 Jonathan Edwards Bibliography 42 Eschatology Bibliography 43 Eucharist The Passover meal Anticipated Realities to do with God’s Kingship Jesus’s Life, Words and Death Merge Passover and Regular Blood Sacrifices Into a New Public Ritual Past, Future, and Present Aspects to the Lord’s Supper Bibliography 44 Exemplarism Bibliography 45 Expiation/Propitiation Bibliography 46 Forgiveness Forgiveness Without Atonement Forgiveness Requiring Atonement Forgiveness Inviting Atonement Bibliography 47 P. T. Forsyth Bibliography 48 René Girard Bibliography 49 Global Theology Suggested Further Reading Bibliography 50 Gospel of John Introduction The Light of the World and Reconciliation The Lamb of God and Atonement Conclusion Bibliography 51 Hugo Grotius Bibliography 52 Colin Gunton The Actuality of Atonement Atonement and the Project of Creation Perfecting the Project of Creation The Son as Mediator of Creation and Salvation The Spirit as Perfecting Cause The Church as Community of Reconciliation Bibliography 53 Hebrews Bibliography 54 Hegel and Baur Hegel Baur Bibliography 55 The Historical Books Bibliography 56 Ignatius of Antioch Bibliography 57 Imagination Bibliography 58 Imago Dei Atonement for the Image of God Uniting the Image of God and the Atonement Bibliography 59 Impassibility (Divine) Bibliography 60 Irenaeus of Lyons Bibliography 61 Letter of James Further Reading 62 John’s Letters Introduction Hilasmos: Expiation or Propitiation? The Extent of Atonement (2:2) The Basis for Ethics Conclusion Select Bibliography 63 Justification Bibliography 64 Kant Bibliography 65 Kierkegaard Bibliography 66 Kingdom of God Atonement Theories and the Coming of the Kingdom Glimpsing God’s Kingdom: The Kairos Moment Bibliography 67 Liberation Theology Bibliography 68 Peter Lombard From Controversialist to Authority Reading 69 Martin Luther Bibliography 70 Major Prophets Bibliography 71 Matthew and Mark Atonement in the Gospel According to Mark Mark’s Matrix Mark’s Witness Additional Aspects of Atonement in the Gospel According to Matthew Conclusion Select Bibliography 72 Ministry Bibliography 73 The Missions of the Divine Persons Bibliography 74 Jürgen Moltmann Bibliography 75 Munus Triplex Bibliography 76 John Owen Bibliography 77 Wolfhart Pannenberg Bibliography 78 The Apostle Paul Introduction Galatians 2:15–21 Romans 3:21–31 Ephesians 2:11–22 1 Corinthians 11:17–34 Conclusion Select Bibliography 79 Pentateuch Bibliography 80 1–2 Peter Bibliography 81 Politics Bibliography 82 Post-Reformation Dogmatics Introduction Two Distinctive Reformed Responses to Arminius Arminianism: Universal Redemption and Potential Application Reformed Particularism: Definite Redemption and Definite Application Hypothetical Universalism: General Redemption and Definite Application Approaching Atonement: Post-Reformation Reformed Theological Distinctives The Freedom and Consistency of God’s Purposes and Acts The Coherence Between Christ’s Work and its Fruits Conclusion Bibliography 83 Prayer Bibliography 84 The Problem of Evil Bibliography 85 Reconciliation Bibliography 86 Revelation (Book of) Bibliography 87 Albrecht Ritschl Bibliography 88 Salvation in Christ Alone Bibliography 89 Sanctification Bibliography 90 Friedrich Schleiermacher Bibliography 91 John Duns Scotus Bibliography 92 Sin Introduction Sin’s Essence Sin’s Consequences Christ’s Victory over Sin Knowledge of Sin Further Reading 93 Socinus Bibliography 94 Hugh of St. Victor Bibliography 95 Substitution and Representation Bibliography 96 Supra/infralapsarianism Bibliography 97 Theological Interpretation of Scripture Bibliography 98 Union with Christ Bibliography 99 Universalism Bibliography 100 Violence Bibliography 101 Wesleyan Theologies John Wesley and the Doctrine of the Atonement in Early Methodism The Atonement in Early-Nineteenth-Century Methodist Theology The Atonement in Later-Nineteenth-Century Methodist Theology The Twentieth Century and Beyond The Extent of the Atonement in Wesleyan Theology Bibliography 102 Wisdom Books (Old Testament) Bibliography 103 Wrath Derivation Ordering Wrath and Love A Centered Work Wrath’s Moral Intelligibility Understanding Incarnation and Wrath A Thick Concept of Love Bibliography Contributors Author/Person Index Scripture Index Subject Index Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Atonement: The State of the Doctrine, Adam Johnson (Biola University, USA) -- 2. These Three Atone: Trinity and Atonement, Fred Sanders (Biola University, USA) -- 3. Atonement and Incarnation, Ivor J. Davidson (formerly St Andrews University, UK -- Dogmatic Location ) -- 4. Resurrection and Atonement in the Theology of Thomas T.F. Torrance, Paul D. Molnar (St John's University in New York, USA) -- 5. The Atonement and the Holy Spirit, Christopher R.J. Holmes (University of Otago, New Zealand) -- 6. God's Reconciling Work: Atonement in the Old Testament, Stephen B. Chapman (Duke Divinity School, USA) -- 7. Theologies of the Atonement in the New Testament, Joel B. Green (Fuller Theological Seminary, USA) -- 8. Athanasius's Incarnational Soteriology, Thomas G. Weinandy (St Paul Center for Biblical Theology, USA) -- 9. St Gregory of Nyssa on the Dynamics of Salvation, John A. McGuckin (Colombia University, USA) -- 10. Anselmian Atonement, Katherine Sonderegger (Virginia Theological Seminary, USA) -- 11. Love and the Atonement in Aquinas' Pauline Commentaries, Charles Raith II (John Brown University, USA) -- 12. The Fury of Love: Calvin on the Atonement, Paul Dafydd Jones (University of Virginia, USA) -- 13. Karl Barth, Shannon Smythe (Seattle Pacific University, USA) -- 14. Christ's Descent Into Hell, Rodney Howsare (DeSales University, USA) -- 15. The Persistence of the Ransom Theory of the Atonement, Adam Kotsko (Shimer College, USA) -- 16. Penal Substitution, Stephen R. Holmes (University of St Andrews, UK) -- 17. Methodological Issues in Approaching the Atonement, Oliver Crisp (Fuller Theological Seminary, USA) -- 18. Crucified -So What? Feminist Re-Readings of the Cross-Event, Arnfriour Guomundsdottir (University of Iceland, Iceland) -- 19. 1st, 2nd and 3rd John by Matthew Jensen -- 20. Peter Abelard by Adam Johnson -- 21. Angels by Adam Johnson -- 22. Animals by David Clough -- 23. Apostolic Fathers by Harry Maier -- 24. Ascension by Andrew Burgess -- 25. Augustine by David Meconi -- 26. Aulén, Gustaf by Roland Spjuth -- 27. Baptism by Travis McMaken -- 28. Bernard of Clairvaux by Tony Lane -- 29. Blood by Eugene Rogers -- 30. Bonaventure by Andrew Salzmann -- 31. Bultmann by David Congdon -- 32. Campbell, John by Peter Stevenson -- 33. Catherine of Siena by Adam Eitel -- 34. Covenant by Jeremy Treat -- 35. Cranmer, Thomas by Scott Harrower -- 36. Creeds by Ash Cocksworth -- 37. Culture by Paul Metzger -- 38. Cyril of Alexandria by Donald Fairbairn -- 39. Ecclesiology by Joseph Mangina -- 40. Edwards, Jonathan by Gary Williams -- 41. Eschatology by Graham Cole -- 42. Eucharist by Scott Harrower -- 43. Exemplarism by Adam Kotsko -- 44. Expiation/Propitiation by Graham Cole -- 45. Forgiveness by Cynthia Rigsby -- 46. P.T. Forsyth by Jason Goroncy -- 47. Girard, Rene by Adam Johnson -- 48. Global Theology by Mark Baker -- 49. Gospel of John by Edward Klink -- 50. Grotius, Hugo by Gert Van den Brink -- 50. Gunton, Colin by Andrew Picard -- 51. Hebrews by David Moffitt -- 52. Hegel and FC Baure by Peter C. Hodgson -- 53. Historical Books by Richard Briggs -- 54. Ignatius of Antioch by Harry Maier -- 55. Imagination, the Arts and the Atonement by Trevor Hart -- 56. Imago Dei by Ryan Peterson -- 57. Impassibility by Daniel Castelo -- 58. Irenaeus by John Behr -- 59. James by Robert Wall -- 60. Justification by Allan Spence -- 61. Kant by Nathan Jacobs -- 62. Soren Kierkegaard by Murray Rae -- 63. Kingdom of God by Cynthia Rigby -- 64. Liberation Theology by Jules Martinex -- 65. Lombard, Peter by Gill Evans -- 66. Luke and Acts by Howard Marshall -- 67. Luther, Martin by Robert Kolb -- 68. Major Prophets by Mark Gignilliat -- 69. Matthew and Mark by Jonathan Pennington -- 70. Minor Prophets by Don Collett -- 71. Missions, Divine by Adonis Vidu -- 72. Moltmann, Jürgen by Matthias Grebe -- 73. Munus Triplex by Adam Johnson -- 74. Owen, John by Kelly Kapic -- 75. Pannenberg by Kent Eilers -- 76. Pastoral Ministry by Andrew Root -- 77. Pauline Epistles by Tim Gombis -- 78. Pentateuch by Alexander Desmond -- 79. Petrine Epistles by David Nienhius -- 80. Political Theology by Peter Leithart -- 81. Prayer by Ash Cocksworth -- 82. Problem of Evil by Matthias Grebe -- 83. Reconciliation by Tom Bennett -- 84. Reformed Scholastics by Brannon Ellis -- 85. Religious Pluralism by Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen -- 86. Representation by Jeanine Graham -- 87. Revelation by Joe Mangina -- 88. Ritschl by Matt Bruce -- 89. Santification by Ben Rhodes -- 90. Schleiermacher by Justin Stratis -- 91. Duns Scotus by Tom Ward -- 92. Sin by Adam Neder -- 93. Socinus, Faustus by Alan Gomes -- 94. Hugh of St. Victor by Gill Evans -- 95. Supra and Infra Lapsarianism by Edwin Van Driel -- 96. Theological Interpretation of Scripture by Scott Swain -- 97. Union with Christ by Mark Garcia -- 98. Universalism by Tom Greggs -- 99. Divine Violence by Adam Johnson -- 100. John Wesley by Tom McCall -- 101. Wisdom Literature by Craig Bartholomew -- 102. Wrath by Jeremy Wynne The T & T Clark Companion to Atonement establishes a vision for the doctrine of the atonement as a unified yet extraordinarily rich event calling for the church's full appropriation. Most edited volumes on this doctrine focus on one aspect of the work of Christ (for example, Girard, Feminist thought, Penal Substitution or divine violence). The Companion is unique in that every essay seeks to both appropriate and stimulate the church's understanding of the manifold nature of Christ's death and resurrection. The essays are divided into four main sections: 1) dogmatic location, 2) chapters on the Old and New Testaments, 3) major theologians and 4) contemporary developments. The first set of essays explore the inter-relationship between the atonement and other Christian doctrines (for example Trinity, Christology and Pneumatology), opening up yet further avenues of inquiry. Essays on key theologians eschew reductionism, striving to bring out the nuances and breadth of the contribution. The same is true of the biblical essays. The final section explores more recent developments within the doctrine (for example the work of Rene Girard, and the ongoing reflection on "Holy Saturday"). The book is comprised of 18 major essays, and an A-Z section containing shorter dictionary-length entries on a much broader range of topics. The result is a combination of in-depth analysis and breadth of scope, making this a benchmark work for further studies in the doctrine An Edited Volume On The Doctrine Of The Atonement From A Variety Of Historical, Biblical And Dogmatic Perspectives-- 1. Atonement: The State Of The Doctrine / Adam J. Johnson -- 2. These Three Atone: Trinity And Atonement / Fred Sanders -- 3. Atonement And Incarnation / Ivor J. Davidson -- 4. Resurrection And Atonement In The Theology Of Thomas F. Torrance / Paul D. Molnar -- 5. The Atonement And The Holy Spirit / Christopher Holmes -- 6. God's Reconciling Work: Atonement In The Old Testament / Stephen B. Chapman -- 7. Theologies Of The Atonement In The New Testament / Joel B. Green -- 8. Athanasius's Incarnational Soteriology / Thomas G. Weinandy -- 9. St. Gregory Of Nyssa On The Dynamics Of Salvation / John A. Mcguckin -- 10. Anselmian Atonement / Katherine Sonderegger -- 11. Thomas Aquinas's Pauline Theology Of Atonement / Charles Raith Ii -- 12. The Fury Of Love: Calvin On The Atonement / Paul Dafydd Jones -- 13. Karl Barth / Shannon Nicole Smythe -- 14. Christ's Descent Into Hell / Rodney Howsare -- 15. The Persistence Of The Ransom Theory Of The Atonement / Adam Kotsko -- 16. Penal Substitution / Stephen R. Holmes -- 17. Methodological Issues In Approaching The Atonement / Oliver D. Crisp -- 18. Crucified -- So What?: Feminist Rereadings Of The Cross-event / Arnfriður Guðmundsóttir. Edited By Adam J. Johnson. Includes Bibliographical References.