Symbiosis in Fishes : the Biology of Interspecific Partnerships

''Symbiosis in Fishes'' provides comprehensive coverage of the biology of partnerships between fishes and invertebrates, ascending the phylogenetic scale, from luminescent bacteria, sponges and coelenterates to molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms. Both facultative and obligatory partnerships are reviewed with emphasis on the behavioral, ecological and evolutionary aspects of fish symbiosis. Each of the eight chapters of this book focuses on a different group of partners. The structure, physiology and anti-predatory strategies of each group are described to provide the necessary background for the understanding of their partnerships with fishes. The formation of the associations, the degree of partner specificity and its regulation, as well as the benefits and costs for the fishes and their associates, communication between partners and their possible co-evolution are discussed in each chapter. This is the first attempt to critically review in a single volume all associations of fishes with invertebrates based on the latest studies in these areas, together with studies published many years ago and little cited since then. ''Symbiosis in Fishes'' provides a huge wealth of information that will be of great use and interest to many life scientists including fish biologists, ecologists, ethologists, aquatic scientists, physiologists and evolutionary biologists. It is hoped that the contents of the book will stimulate many to further research, to fill in the gaps in our knowledge in this fascinating and important subject. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exciting book Symbiosis in FishesThe Biology of Interspecific Partnerships 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Preface 12 Introduction 13 One The Associations between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria 18 Luminescent Bacteria 18 Symbiotic Luminescent Bacteria in Fish Light Organs 20 Flashlight Fishes 23 Taxonomy and Distribution 23 The Light Organs 25 The Eye and the Light Organ 29 Reproduction, Larval and Light Organ Development 30 The Photophobic Response 32 The Use of Light by Flashlight Fishes 33 School Formation 34 Territorial Defense 34 Sexual Signaling 34 Deep Sea Ceratioid Anglerfishes 36 Structure, Diversity and Distribution 36 Reproductive Strategies 37 Facultative Sexual Parasitism 41 Light Organ Structure and Development: Light and the Mechanisms Controlling its Emission 41 The Use of Lures by Anglerfishes 46 Ponyfishes 49 Structure, Distribution and Taxonomy 49 The Light Organ System (LOS) and Diversity of the Generated Light Patterns 50 Sex-Specific Signaling 55 Inception of the Association between Luminescent Bacteria and Ponyfishes 55 Sexual Dimorphism of the LOS, Sex-Specific Signaling and the Role of Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Leiognathid Fishes 56 Specificity of the Partnerships between Luminescent Bacteria and Fishes 59 Optimization of the Benefits to Fishes from their Association with Bacteria 60 The Evolution of the Partnerships between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria 61 References 64 TWO The Associations between Fishes and Sponges 70 Sponges 70 Predator Deterrence by Sponges 71 Multiple Species Assemblages in Sponges 73 Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Adaptations for Living in Association with Sponges 74 Nutrition, Reproduction and Sponge Occupation by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes 80 Partner Specificity and Sponge Sharing by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes 81 Evolution of the Partnership Between Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Sponges 82 Sponges as Living Incubators of Fish Eggs 84 Facultative Partnerships Between Fishes and Sponges 86 References 87 THREE The Associations between Fishes and Anthozoans 91 Sea Anemones 91 The Stinging Cells and their Release Mechanism 92 Obligatory Associations with Sea Anemones of Fishes of the Genera Amphiprion and Premnas 93 The Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology of Host Sea Anemones and their Associated Fishes 93 The Protection of Anemone Fishes from Sea Anemones 98 Recognition, Attraction to and Selection of Sea Anemones by Anemone Fishes 105 Partner Specificity 116 Host Preference 118 Competitive Interactions 118 Stochastic Processes 121 Habitat Preference 121 Geographical Overlap 121 Protection from Sea Anemones 121 Species Coexistence 122 Adaptations of Anemone Fishes for Living with Sea Anemones 123 Protandric Sex Reversal 123 Monogamy and Mate Recognition 126 Step-fathering 130 Social Control of Growth and the Tolerance of Nonbreeders by the Breeders 130 Fish Territoriality, Aggression and the Sea Anemone 133 Limited Larval Dispersal and Natal Recruitment 136 Benefits and Costs to Anemone Fishes and Sea Anemones from being Associated and their Short-term Mutual Impacts 140 The Evolution of the Anemone Fish–Sea Anemone Partnership 146 The Facultative Associations Between Fishes and Sea Anemones 147 Protection from Sea Anemones 152 Partner Specificity 153 Settlement and Recruitment of D. trimaculatus to Sea Anemones 154 The Sharing of Sea Anemones with Anemone Fishes 155 Benefits and Costs to Facultative Fish Partners and Sea Anemones 156 The Associations Between Fishes and Scleractinian Corals 157 Scleractinian Corals 157 Microhabitat Selection by Coral Dwelling Fishes 158 Adaptations to Habitat by Coral Dwelling Gobies 169 Small Size and Morphology 169 Noxious Skin 170 Hypoxia Tolerance and Air Breathing 170 Bidirectional Sex Reversal 171 Monogamy 173 Social Control of Growth 174 Multiple Species Assemblages Involving Coral Dwelling Gobies and Crustaceans 176 Benefits and Costs to Fishes and Corals for being Associated 181 Benefits to Fishes 181 Benefits to Corals 189 Social Structure and Mating System Evolution in Coral Dwelling Damselfishes of the genus Dascyllus 193 References 198 Four The Associations between Fishes and Siphonophores 214 Siphonophores 214 Physalia physalis−the Portuguese Man-of-War 215 Fishes Associated with Siphonophores other than Physalia physalis 216 Fishes Associated with Physalia physalis 219 References 221 Five The Associations between Fishes and Scyphozoan Medusae 224 Scyphozoan medusae 224 Predation on Scyphozoan Medusae and their Structural and Behavioral Antipredator Defenses 226 Fishes Associated with Scyphozoan Medusae 227 The Protection of Fishes from Scyphozoan Medusae 229 Recognition and Attraction to Scyphozoan Medusae by Associated Fishes 229 Partner Specificity, Duration of the Medusa–Fish Bond and the Effects of the Medusae Size on the Associated Fishes 231 Benefits and Costs to Fishes and Medusae from being Associated 233 The Effects of Medusae on Fish Recruitment 237 The Association of Fishes with Floating Objects and the Fish–Medusa Partnership 238 References 239 Six The Associations between Fishes and Molluscs 242 The Association between Fishes and Cephalopods 242 Cephalopods 242 Octopus Dens, Foraging and Antipredatory Behavior 243 Scavenging Fishes Associated with Octopus Dens 245 Fishes Associated with Foraging Octopuses 246 Octopuses and Cleaning Symbiosis 250 Transport Associations between Octopuses and Fishes 251 Fishes Associated with Squid Schools 251 The Association between Fishes and Gastropods 253 Gastropods 253 Predation on Conchs, Antipredatory Strategies and Foraging in Conchs 253 The Association between Cardinal Fishes and Conchs 254 The Association between Nudibranchs and Gobiid Fishes 257 The Association between a Pearlfish and an Opisthobranch Gastropod 258 The Association between Fishes and Bivalves 258 Bivalves 258 The Glochidia Larvae of Freshwater Mussels and their Host Fishes 259 Bitterlings and their Freshwater Mussel Hosts 260 Attraction of the European Bitterling to Mussels and Choice of Oviposition Sites 262 Adaptations of Bitterling for Development Inside Freshwater Mussels 264 Male Reproductive Behavior and the Mussel 266 Female Reproductive Behavior and the Mussel 269 Host Utilization by Sympatric Bitterling Species 272 Costs and Benefits for the Mussel and Possible Coevolution of the Bitterling–Mussel Partnership 275 Pearl Fishes Associated with Bivalves 277 The Association of Snailfish and Red Hake with Sea Scallops 277 References 281 Seven The Associations between Fishes and Crustaceans 288 The Associations between Fishes and Cleaner Shrimps 288 Cleaning Symbiosis and Shrimp 288 Taxonomy, Morphology, Coloration and Distribution of Cleaner Shrimp 288 Cleaner Shrimp Activity 299 Associations between Cleaner Shrimp and Sea Anemones 300 Communication between Fishes and Cleaner Shrimp 304 Removal of Parasites versus Mucus by Cleaner Shrimp 306 Costs and Benefits for Cleaner Shrimp and Fish Clients and the Proximate Mechanisms for Cleaning 308 The Evolution of the Cleaner Shrimp–Fish Partnership 310 Feeding associations between fishes and crustaceans 311 Mixed Species Schools of Fishes and Crustaceans 312 Liparid Fishes Associated with Lithodid Crabs 313 The Associations between Fishes and Burrowing Brachyuran Crabs 315 Gobiid Fishes Associated with Burrowing Thalassinid Shrimp 317 Thalassinid Shrimp and their Burrows 317 The Facultative Association of Clevelandia ios with Callianassa californiensis and Upogebia pugettensis 319 The Obligatory Association of the Blind Goby Typhlogobius californiensis with Callianassa affinis 323 The Obligatory Association of Austrolethops wardi with Neaxius acanthus 325 The Obligatory Association of Didogobius amicuscardis with Axiopsis serratifrons 326 Gobiid Fishes Associated with Burrowing Alpheid Shrimps 328 Systematics of Gobies and Shrimps 328 Biogeography 330 Diet and Feeding Behavior 331 Habitat Specificity 334 Population Structure and Dynamics 336 Burrow Structure, Construction and Dynamics 338 Activity Rhythms 342 Aggressive Behavior and Territoriality of Goby and Shrimp 346 Reproduction of Goby and Shrimp 348 Interspecific Communication 350 Communication under Natural Conditions in Indo-Pacific Partnerships 350 Warning Signal Generation by Indo-Pacific Gobies in Response to Predators and Models of Predators 352 Sequence and Information Analyses in Indo-Pacific Partnerships 354 Film Analysis of the Communication between the Goby Amblyeleotris steinitzi and the Shrimp Alpheus purpurilenticularis 356 Communication between Gobies and Shrimp in the Western Atlantic 359 Partner Specificity 361 Field Observations 361 Laboratory Experiments 362 The Mechanism Regulating Specificity 364 Goby–Shrimp Phylogeography 365 Costs and Benefits for Goby and Shrimp 369 Evolution 370 References 372 Eight The Associations between Fishes and Echinoderms 383 The Association between Fishes and Sea Urchins 383 Sea Urchins 383 Sea Urchin Structural Defenses, Predation by Fishes and Antipredatory Strategies 383 Associated Fishes, their Size, Coloration and Sea Urchin Hosts 385 The Attraction of Associated Fishes to Sea Urchins 398 Benefits and Costs of the Fish–Sea Urchin Partnership 400 Partner Specificity in the Fish–Sea Urchin Association 402 The Evolution of the Fish–Sea Urchin Partnership 402 Mimicry of Sea Urchins by Fishes 403 The Association between Fishes and Crinoids 404 Crinoids 404 Predation on Crinoids by Fishes and Antipredatory Strategies of Feather Stars and Sea Lilies 405 Multiple Species Assemblages in Crinoids 406 Associated Fishes and Adaptations for Living with Crinoids 407 Attraction of Associated Fishes to Crinoids and Partner Specificity 410 Benefits and Costs of the Fish–Crinoid Partnership 410 Scarcity of Knowledge 410 The Association between Fishes and Sea Cucumbers 411 Sea Cucumbers 411 Predation on Sea Cucumbers by Fishes and their Structural and Behavioral Antipredatory Defenses 412 Fishes Associated with Sea Cucumbers and their Life Cycles 413 Host Location, Penetration and Occupation by Pearlfishes 417 Pearlfish Nutrition 418 Pearlfish Reproductive Biology 420 Ecology and Partner Specificity of Pearlfish–Holothurian Associations 422 Acoustic Communication in Pearlfishes 426 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations to Inquilism 427 Benefits and Costs of the Pearlfish–Sea Cucumber Partnership 429 The Evolution of the Partnership between Pearlfishes and their Hosts 429 The Association between Fishes and Sea Stars 430 Sea Stars 430 Sea Star Structural and Behavioral Antipredatory Defenses 431 Feeding Associations between Sea Stars and Fishes 432 Cardinal Fishes Sheltering among Sea Star Spines 433 Pearlfishes Associated with Sea Stars 433 References 435 Species Index 443 Subject Index 455 Content: Symbiosis in FishesThe Biology of Interspecific Partnerships Copyright Contents Preface Introduction One The Associations between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria Luminescent Bacteria Symbiotic Luminescent Bacteria in Fish Light Organs Flashlight Fishes Taxonomy and Distribution The Light Organs The Eye and the Light Organ Reproduction, Larval and Light Organ Development The Photophobic Response The Use of Light by Flashlight Fishes School Formation Territorial Defense Sexual Signaling Deep Sea Ceratioid Anglerfishes Structure, Diversity and Distribution. Reproductive StrategiesFacultative Sexual Parasitism Light Organ Structure and Development: Light and the Mechanisms Controlling its Emission The Use of Lures by Anglerfishes Ponyfishes Structure, Distribution and Taxonomy The Light Organ System (LOS) and Diversity of the Generated Light Patterns Sex-Specific Signaling Inception of the Association between Luminescent Bacteria and Ponyfishes Sexual Dimorphism of the LOS, Sex-Specific Signaling and the Role of Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Leiognathid Fishes Specificity of the Partnerships between Luminescent Bacteria and Fishes. Optimization of the Benefits to Fishes from their Association with BacteriaThe Evolution of the Partnerships between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria References TWO The Associations between Fishes and Sponges Sponges Predator Deterrence by Sponges Multiple Species Assemblages in Sponges Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Adaptations for Living in Association with Sponges Nutrition, Reproduction and Sponge Occupation by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes Partner Specificity and Sponge Sharing by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes Evolution of the Partnership Between Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Sponges. Sponges as Living Incubators of Fish EggsFacultative Partnerships Between Fishes and Sponges References THREEThe Associations between Fishes and Anthozoans Sea Anemones The Stinging Cells and their Release Mechanism Obligatory Associations with Sea Anemones of Fishes of the Genera Amphiprion and Premnas The Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology of Host Sea Anemones and their Associated Fishes The Protection of Anemone Fishes from Sea Anemones Recognition, Attraction to and Selection of Sea Anemones by Anemone Fishes Partner Specificity Host Preference Competitive Interactions. Stochastic ProcessesHabitat Preference Geographical Overlap Protection from Sea Anemones Species Coexistence Adaptations of Anemone Fishes for Living with Sea Anemones Protandric Sex Reversal Monogamy and Mate Recognition Step-fathering Social Control of Growth and the Tolerance ofNonbreeders by the Breeders Fish Territoriality, Aggressionand the Sea Anemone Limited Larval Dispersal and NatalRecruitment Benefits and Costs to Anemone Fishes and Sea Anemones from being Associated and their Short-term Mutual Impacts The Evolution of the Anemone Fish-Sea Anemone Partnership. Symbiosis Between Fishes And Invertebrates Provides Comprehensive Coverage Of The Biology Of Partnerships Between Fishes And Invertebrates, Ascending The Phylogenetic Scale, From Luminescent Bacteria, Sponges And Coelenterates To Molluscs, Crustaceans And Echinoderms. Both Facultative And Obligatory Partnerships Are Reviewed With Emphasis On The Behavioral, Ecological And Evolutionary Aspects Of Fish Symbiosis. Each Of The Eight Chapters Of This Book Focuses On A Different Group Of Partners. The Structure, Physiology And Anti-predatory Strategies Of Each Group Are Described To Provide The Necessary Background For The Understanding Of Their Partnerships With Fishes. The Formation Of The Associations, The Degree Of Partner Specificity And Its Regulation, As Well As The Benefits And Costs For The Fishes And Their Associates, Communication Between Partners And Their Possible Co-evolution Are Discussed In Each Chapter. This Is The First Attempt To Critically Review In A Single Volume All Associations Of Fishes With Invertebrates Based On The Latest Studies In These Areas, Together With Studies Published Many Years Ago And Little Cited Since Then. Symbiosis Between Fishes And Invertebrates Provides A Huge Wealth Of Information That Will Be Of Great Use And Interest To Many Life Scientists Including Fish Biologists, Ecologists, Ethologists, Aquatic Scientists, Physiologists And Evolutionary Biologists. It Is Hoped That The Contents Of The Book Will Stimulate Many To Further Research, To Fill In The Gaps In Our Knowledge In This Fascinating And Important Subject. Libraries In All Universities And Research Establishments Where Biological Sciences Are Studied And Taught Should Have Copies Of This Exciting Book. "Symbiosis in Fishes provides a huge wealth of information that will be of great use and interest to many life scientists including fish biologists, ecologists, ethologists, aquatic scientists, physiologists and evolutionary biologists. It is hoped that the contents of the book will stimulate many to further research, to fill in the gaps in our knowledge in this fascinating and important subject. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exciting book."--Publisher website 1. The Associations Between Fishes And Luminescent Bacteria -- 2. The Associations Between Fishes And Sponges -- 3. The Associations Between Fishes And Anthozoans -- 4. The Associations Between Fishes And Siphonophores -- 5. The Associations Between Fishes And Scyphozoan Medusae -- 6. The Associations Between Fishes And Molluscs -- 7. The Associations Between Fishes And Crustaceans -- 8. The Associations Between Fishes And Echinoderms. Ilan Karplus. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes.