Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: The Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kant (New Babylon, 43)

This work covers the history of the text of the invectives of Sallust against Cicero and of Cicero against Sallust. Though these speeches seem unsophisticated to some, they are in fact of considerable importance. The question of the authenticity of both invectives, especially of the invective against Cicero, considered in the book diachronically, has long troubled scholars, commencing with Quintilian's quotation from the text as though it were authentic. This dispute continues down to our own time. In all probability, both invectives are a product of the rhetorical schools of Rome, as students at such schools might have been set the task of writing a speech against Cicero imitating Sallust, or of responding to Sallust in the style of Cicero. Thus, we possess a sample of rhetorical school exercises, preserved due to their similarities to the prototypes on which they were modelled. The work covers: the full manuscript tradition of the text and also the history of the changes which arose during its transmission, the history of the printed text and the text itself with an apparatus criticus and also a translation. This work should be of interest to classicists, philologists interested in the history of medieval and renaissance texts, and also to those erudite readers concerned with rhetorical style and the functioning of the rhetorical schools of Rome. List of Illustrations List of Tables Preface Units of Measurement INTRODUCTION The Study Theory Methodology The People Political structure Social structure Belief system Economy The Place Climatic factors Edaphic factors Biotic factors Summary CHAPTER ONE – SELECTING Swidden Location Ownership of site Location of site Character of site Swidden Size Swidden Number Swidden Shape CHAPTER TWO – SLASHING Technology Labor Chronology CHAPTER THREE – FELLING Technology Felling proper Redressive and alternative techniques Labor Chronology CHAPTER FOUR – BURNING Technology Chronology Success of the Burn Causes of success/failure Redressive measures Labor CHAPTER FIVE – PLANTING Swidden Cultigens Rice Nonrice cultigens Technology Dry rice Swamp rice Nonrice cultigens Labor Chronology CHAPTER SIX – WEEDING Extent of the Weed Problem and Weeding Technology Labor Chronology CHAPTER SEVEN – GUARDING Insects Rice Sparrows Animals Deer and pigs Macaques Rats and squirrels Humans Labor CHAPTER EIGHT – HARVESTING Technology Harvesting immature rice Harvesting mature rice Harvesting late maturing rice Processing the harvest Rice Yields Measures of yields Causes of variation in yields Labor Labor rate Household labor Reciprocal labor Wage labor Guest labor Chronology Main harvest phase Subsidiary harvest phases CHAPTER NINE – CARRYING Technology Labor Chronology CHAPTER TEN – HARVESTING NONRICE CULTIGENS Maturation Harvesting Alternative Relish Sources CHAPTER ELEVEN – HOUSE MAKING Slashing and Felling Burning and Planting Weeding Guarding Harvesting Carrying Perennial Factors CHAPTER TWELVE – TOOL MAKING Plaited Tools Forged Tools Hewn Tools Labor Summary CONCLUSION Labor Time Space Swidden Agriculture and Development NOTES Introduction Chapter One – Selecting Two – Slashing Three – Felling Four – Burning Five – Planting Six – Weeding Seven – Guarding Eight – Harvesting Nine – Carrying Ten – Harvesting Nonrice Cultigens Eleven – House Making Twelve – Tool Making Conclusion GLOSSARY OF KANTU’ TERMS FOR FLORA AND FAUNA BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEXES I. Authors II. Ethnic and Geographic Names III. Flora and Fauna IV. Households V. Swiddens VI. General Michael Roger Dove. Includes Indexes. Bibliography: P. [433]-446.