جنگ قلعه‌داری دفاعی سوئدی در جنگ بزرگ شمالی ۱۷۰۲-۱۷۱۰

In August of 1721, Sweden and Russia concluded the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War. In the treaty, a substantial part of the Swedish Empire was ceded to Russia. Sweden lost Ingria, Estonia, Ösel, Livonia and the southeastern parts of Finland. In peace treaties prior to the treaty with Russia, Sweden had ceded the German province of Bremen-Verden to Hanover and parts of the German province of Pomerania to Brandenburg/Prussia. After more than twenty-two years of defensive warfare, which at times had been turned into offensives, Sweden had lost much of its most valuable territory. Some of the territory had been of the highest strategic value, since it had kept Russia barred from the shores of the Baltic Sea. The losses were the result of concerted attacks, first by Saxony, Denmark and Russia, with Brandenburg/Prussia and Hanover joining later. Poland-Lithuania also became involved in the war against Sweden. The Great Northern War became one of the more traumatic experiences in Swedish collective memory. The status as a power in Europe was lost, never to be recovered. Among disasters in Swedish early modern history, the Great Northern War compares only to the loss of Finland in 1808–1809. The Great Northern War has not gone unnoticed by historians, quite the opposite. Literature on the war counts well over a thousand titles, and the stream of it goes on. Warfare can be studied on a number of levels, for example, foreign policy and diplomatic levels, levels of domestic politics and leadership, the economic level, the geographical level and the military level. The geographical level dictated the circumstances under which the other levels had to operate. Of the various levels, the military level tends to be decisive, once a war is a fact; other factors will act in support of, or as constraints to, the military level. The military level could be subdivided into the field-army level, the fortress level and the navy level. TRANSLATIONS xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiv FOREWORD xvi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Purpose 3 1.3 Method 4 1.4 Delimitations 7 1.5 Earlier research 8 1.6 Sources 18 1.7 Note On Dates 25 2. THE SWEDISH EMPIRE 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 The creation of the Swedish empire 26 2.3 Command organization 31 2.4 The defense of the Swedish empire 33 2.5 The Great Northern War 43 2.6 Opinions on the fall of the Swedish Empire 53 3. FORTRESS WARFARE 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Fortresses 61 Introduction 61 The purpose of a fortress 61 Fortress construction 64 Fortress location 74 A structure for fortress location 76 Opposing forces 86 3.3 Resolving siege battles 89 Introduction 89 Examples of siege army tactics 89 Structures for siege army tactics 93 Resolutions and siege countertactics 102 A note on siege duration 109 Summary 109 3.4 THREE LONG SIEGES IN EARLY MODERN TIMES 110 INTRODUCTION 110 Candia 1648–1669 111 Gibraltar 1779–1783 116 Cadiz 1810–1812 121 Conclusions 127 4. SIEGES 1702–1710 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Menzen 1702 132 4.3 Marienburg 1702 138 4.4 Nöteborg 1702 143 4.5 Nyenskans 1703 151 4.6 Jama 1703 157 4.7 Koporie 1703 163 4.8 Narva and Ivangorod 1704 166 Introduction 166 Prior to the siege 174 The siege 180 After the siege 205 Narva and Ivangorod - conclusions 207 4.9 Dorpat 1704 209 4.10 Viborg 1706 219 4.11 Riga 1709–1710 229 Introduction 229 Prior to the siege 237 The siege 240 After the siege 264 Riga – conclusion 264 4.12 Neumünde 1710 266 4.13 Pernau 1710 271 4.14 Arensburg 1710 277 4.15 Reval 1710 285 4.16 Viborg 1710 297 Introduction 297 Prior to the siege 302 The siege 308 After the siege 327 Viborg - conclusions 329 4.17 Kexholm 1710 330 4.18 Landskrona 1709–1710 338 4.19 Malmö 1709–1710 347 4.20 Karlshamn’s redoubt 1710 354 4.21 Conclusion 360 5. CONCLUSIONS 361 5.1 Introduction 361 5.2 The Swedish fortification system 361 5.3 Flaws and the loss of men, materiel and land 368 5.4 Why were the flaws built into the fortification system? 373 5.5 Conclusion 375 EPILOGUE 384 SWEDISH SUMMARY – SAMMANFATTNING 386 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39