Sustainable Strategies in Organic Electronics (Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials)

Sustainable Strategies in Organic Electronics reviews green materials and devices, sustainable processes in electronics, and the reuse, recycling and degradation of devices. Topics addressed include large-scale synthesis and fabrication of safe device materials processes that neither use toxic reagents, solvents or produce toxic by-products. Emerging opportunities such as new synthetic approaches for enabling the commercialization of pi-conjugated polymer-based devices are explored, along with new efforts towards incorporating materials from renewable resources for a low carbon footprint. Finally, the book discusses the latest advances towards device biodegradability and recycling. It is suitable for materials scientists and engineers, chemists, physicists in academia and industry.- Discusses emerging opportunities for green materials, synthesis and fabrication of organic electronics- Reviews the challenges of integration of sustainable strategies in large-scale manufacturing of organic electronics- Provides an overview of green materials and solvents that can be used as alternatives to toxic materials for organic electronics applications Front Cover Sustainable Strategies in Organic Electronics Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of contributors About the editor Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 1 Organic electronics: an overview of key materials, processes, and devices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Organic thin-film transistors 1.2.1 Operation mechanism and structure 1.2.2 Characteristic parameters 1.2.2.1 Mobility 1.2.2.2 Threshold voltage 1.2.2.3 Gate leakage current 1.2.2.4 Current on/off ratio 1.2.2.5 Hysteresis 1.2.3 Semiconductor Materials for OTFTs 1.2.3.1 Small molecules p-Type n-Type Ambipolar 1.2.3.2 Polymers p-Type n-Type Ambipolar 1.2.4 Gate dielectric materials for OTFT 1.2.4.1 Organic materials 1.2.4.2 Inorganic materials 1.2.4.3 Hybrid materials 1.3 Organic photovoltaic devices 1.3.1 Basic principles and operations 1.3.2 OPVs’ figures of merit 1.3.3 Semiconductor materials for OPVs 1.3.3.1 Molecular materials p-Type n-Type 1.3.3.2 Polymer materials p-Type n-Type 1.3.3.3 Interfacial materials for OPVs 1.4 Organic light emitting diodes 1.4.1 Working principle and structure 1.4.2 Characteristic parameters 1.4.2.1 Luminescence 1.4.2.2 External quantum efficiency 1.4.2.3 Current efficiency and luminous efficiency 1.4.2.4 CIE, CCT, and color rendering index 1.4.3 Materials for OLEDs 1.4.3.1 Molecular materials Hole transporting and hole injecting materials Electron transporting and electron injecting materials Hole- and electron-blocking materials Emitting materials 1.4.3.2 Polymer materials π-Conjugated polymers Polymers containing pendant π-conjugated systems 1.4.3.3 Inorganic materials 1.5 Summary and outlook References 2 Green materials and synthesis 2 Green synthetic approaches to π-conjugated polymers for thin-film transistors and photovoltaic application 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Application of conjugated polymers 2.1.2 Conventional synthetic method 2.2 Direct arylation polycondensation 2.2.1 Early examples of direct arylation polycondensation 2.2.2 Typical reaction systems 2.2.3 Synthesis of OPV materials by direct arylation polycondensation 2.2.4 Synthesis of OFET materials by direct arylation polycondensation 2.3 Recent progress in direct arylation polycondensation 2.3.1 Sequential bromination/direct arylation polycondensation 2.3.2 Direct arylation polycondensation under aerobic conditions 2.3.3 Direct arylation polycondensation using a Cu catalyst 2.3.4 Direct arylation polycondensation utilizing a continuous flow method 2.4 Polycondensation using C–H/C–H cross-coupling reaction 2.4.1 Direct alkenylation polycondensation 2.4.2 Cross-dehydrogenative-coupling polycondensation 2.5 Conclusion and perspective References 3 Clean synthetic approaches toward small-molecule organic electronics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 C–C coupling reactions 3.2.1 Traditional cross-coupling reactions 3.2.1.1 Stille reaction 3.2.1.2 Suzuki-Miyaura reaction 3.2.2 C–X/C–X homo-coupling reactions 3.2.3 Metal-free nucleophilic reagents 3.2.4 C–H activation 3.2.4.1 C–X/C–H coupling reactions Symmetric molecules Asymmetric molecules 3.2.4.2 C–H/C–H coupling reactions 3.2.4.3 Assistance of directing groups 3.2.4.4 Other coupling partners 3.2.4.5 Metal-free catalysis 3.2.5 C–S activation 3.2.5.1 Organosulfur compounds as electrophilic reagents C–S/C–metal coupling reactions C–S/C–H coupling reactions 3.2.5.2 Organosulfur compounds as nucleophilic reagents 3.3 One-pot synthesis 3.3.1 Multi-bond annulations 3.3.2 Multicomponent reactions 3.4 Conclusion and outlook References 4 New strategies for the synthesis of small organic molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione used in optoelectro... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods for the synthesis of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione 4.3 Electronic structure of molecules with TPD in organic electronics 4.4 Methodologies for the synthesis of small molecules derived from TPD, with applications in organic electronics 4.4.1 Stille reactions 4.4.2 Suzuki-Miyaura reactions 4.4.3 Direct hetero-arylation 4.4.4 Knoevenagel condensation 4.5 Perspectives 4.5.1 C–C coupling reactions using microwaves 4.5.2 C–C coupling reactions by mechanochemistry (ball mill) 4.5.3 C–C coupling reactions using sonochemistry (ultrasound) 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Sustainable approaches in the design of dielectric materials for organic thin-film transistors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Saccharide-based materials 5.3 Protein-based based materials 5.4 Other water-soluble polymers 5.5 Other water-insoluble polymers 5.6 Conclusions and outlook References 6 Semiconductive materials for organic electronics and bioelectronics from renewable resources 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Discussion 6.2.1 Part A—Use of naturally occurring organic semiconductors 6.2.2 Part B—Use of renewable resources for the production of organic semiconductors 6.3 Conclusion References 7 Making organic light-emitting diodes sustainable—from metal-free emitters to less energy-intensive processing 7.1 Introduction and overview of organic emitters for organic light-emitting diodes 7.2 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence—high performing metal-free emitters 7.3 Solution processing of organic light-emitting diodes 7.3.1 Small-molecule-based emissive layers for solution processing 7.3.2 Polymer and dendrimer emissive layers 7.4 Alternative processing methods 7.4.1 Solution-processing techniques 7.4.2 Electrochemical deposition of emissive layers 7.4.2.1 N-alkyl carbazole-based materials 7.4.2.2 In situ electrocopolymerization 7.4.2.3 Donor–acceptor molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence behavior 7.5 Perspectives on organic light-emitting diodes as a sustainable technology in the future References Further reading 8 Green electrolyte-based organic electronic devices 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chemistry of green electrolytes 8.2.1 Ionic liquids 8.2.2 Deep eutectic solvents 8.2.3 Synthetic and naturally derived green polymer electrolytes 8.3 Organic electrochemical devices based on green-electrolytes 8.3.1 Organic electrochemical transistors 8.3.2 Light-emitting electrochemical cells 8.3.3 Green electrolytes in organic energy storage and conversion systems 8.4 Conclusion References Further reading 9 Biocompatible and biodegradable organic electronic materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Overview on materials 9.2.1 Insulating materials: substrates and dielectrics 9.2.1.1 Natural biodegradable polymers 9.2.1.2 Synthetic polymers 9.2.2 Semiconductors and conductors 9.2.2.1 Semiconducting and conducting natural biopolymers 9.2.2.2 Conducting synthetic biocompatible polymers 9.2.2.3 Semiconducting synthetic bioinspired polymers 9.3 Application in optoelectronic devices 9.3.1 Organic solar cells 9.3.1.1 Substrates 9.3.1.2 Semiconductors and conductors 9.3.2 Organic light emitting diodes 9.3.2.1 Substrates/encapsulants 9.3.2.2 Interlayers and active layers/emitters 9.3.3 Organic field-effect transistors References 10 Paper-based substrates for sustainable (opto)electronic devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Paper as a sustainable substrate material 10.3 Basics of (opto)electronic devices 10.3.1 Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) 10.3.2 Organic solar cells (OSCs) 10.3.3 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) 10.4 Paper use in (opto)electronics 10.4.1 Transistors and circuits 10.4.2 Solar cells 10.4.3 Light-emitting diodes 10.4.4 Other devices 10.5 Summary References 11 Advances in two-dimensional green materials for organic electronics applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Graph-n-yne 11.2.1 Graph-2-yne 11.2.2 Graph-n-yne (n%3e2) 11.3 Two-dimensional carbon nitrides 11.4 Kagome 11.5 GnY and g-C3N4-based hybrids with technological applicability 11.5.1 GnY in heterostructures 11.5.2 g-C3N4 in heterostructures Acknowledgments References 3 Fabrication techniques 12 Green solvents for organic electronics processing Acronyms 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Solvents: problematic and yet indispensable 12.1.2 What is a green solvent? 12.1.3 Alternative solvents 12.2 Key challenges and strategies in green solvent processing of organic semiconductors-based devices: the case of OTFTs a... 12.3 Green solvents for OTFT and organic photovoltaics processing 12.3.1 Protics 12.3.2 Ethers 12.3.3 Esters and carbonates 12.3.4 Dipolar aprotics 12.3.5 Solvent ranking 12.4 Conclusion and outlooks References 13 New generation flexible printed photovoltaic 13.1 Introduction 13.2 New generation PV on flexible substrates 13.2.1 Introduction 13.2.2 Brief overview on DSC, OPV, and PSC: basic configuration and working principle 13.2.3 Flexible substrates 13.3 Flexible printed PV: fabrication techniques 13.3.1 Introduction 13.3.2 Blade coating 13.3.3 Slot-die coating 13.3.4 Spray coating 13.3.5 Ink jet printing 13.3.6 Screen printing 13.3.7 Roll-to-roll processing 13.4 Conclusions and future developments References Further reading 4 Long-term vision for a viable sustainable organic electronic technology 14 End-of-life organic electronics: which sustainable models? 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Environmental issues of organic electronic 14.1.1.1 Polymeric materials 14.1.1.2 Nanosized materials 14.1.2 Available practices for sustainability 14.2 Conclusion References 15 From-lab-to-fab: challenges and vision for sustainable organic electronics—organic photovoltaic case 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Scale-up basic conditions 15.3 Role of chemistry and process control 15.4 Device stability 15.5 From R&D to production 15.6 From application to R&D 15.7 Next challenges 15.8 Conclusion References Index Back Cover