Sustainable Horticulture: Microbial Inoculants and Stress Interaction (Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology)

"Sustainable Horticulture: Microbial Inoculants and Stress Interaction gives insights into the applications and formulations of microbial inoculants. In recent years, the optimum yields of horticultural plants largely influenced by rising global temperature, biotic stress (attack of pathogens) and abiotic stresses has created extra pressure for the horticulturalist to meet the need of optimum yield production for the burgeoning global population. However, the challenges of biotic and abiotic stress factors mitigated by traditional physical or chemicals methods include high application cost and adverse impact on quality limit the frequent use, hence the solutions in this book create new avenues for progress. This book covers those challenges and how microbial based bio inoculants are broadly used in horticulture to mitigate the challenges of biotic and abiotic stresses. It provides an important contribution on how to apply efficient beneficial microbes (microbial inoculants) for a sustainable society. Provides quality chapters from the leading academician and researchers from the different parts of the world. Gives insights on the applications and formulations of microbial inoculants. Covers the challenges of biotic and abiotic stress factors mitigated by traditional physical or chemicals methods that are costly."-- Publisher's description Front Cover Sustainable Horticulture Copyright Page Contents List of contributors About the editors Preface 1 Effects of microbial inoculants on growth, yield, and fruit quality under stress conditions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Biotic stresses 1.2.1 Plant diseases 1.2.2 Plant pests 1.3 Abiotic stresses 1.3.1 Drought stress 1.3.2 Heat stress 1.3.3 Salinity stress 1.4 Postharvest fruit storage 1.5 Future perspectives 1.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 2 Nutrient availability in temperate fruit species: new approaches in bacteria and mycorrhizae 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Microbial microorganisms 2.2.1 Bacteria 2.2.2 Fungi 2.3 The role of bacteria in nutrient availability 2.3.1 Nitrogen fixation 2.3.1.1 Free-living nitrogen fixing 2.3.1.2 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 2.3.2 Phosphate solubilizing 2.3.3 Potassium solubilizing 2.3.4 Sequestering iron 2.3.5 Zinc solubilizing 2.4 The role of mycorrhizae in nutrient availability 2.5 Future perspectives and conclusion References 3 The effects of microbial inoculants on secondary metabolite production 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Bacteria 3.3 Fungi 3.4 Nematodes 3.5 Viruses 3.6 Protozoa 3.7 Conclusion References 4 Sustainable stress mitigation with microorganisms in viticulture 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Viticulture under environmental stress 4.3 Interactions between grapevine and beneficial microorganisms 4.4 Microorganism employment for precision viticulture 4.5 Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in viticulture 4.6 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria in viticulture 4.7 Concluding remarks and future perspectives References Further reading 5 Mitigation of heavy metal toxicity by plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of heavy metals on plants 5.2.1 Arsenic (As) 5.2.2 Cadmium (Cd) 5.2.3 Lead (Pb) 5.2.4 Nickel (Ni) 5.2.5 Aluminum (Al) 5.2.6 Chromium (Cr) 5.2.7 Copper (Cu) 5.2.8 Mercury (Hg) 5.3 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 5.3.1 Nitrogen fixation 5.3.2 Phosphate solubilization 5.3.3 Potassium solubilization 5.3.4 Phytohormone production 5.3.5 Siderophore production 5.3.6 Antibiotics production 5.3.7 Lytic enzymes 5.3.8 Exopolysaccharides production 5.4 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria and heavy metal stress 5.4.1 Phytoremediation mechanisms of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 5.4.2 Phytoremediation of plant with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Regulatory role of microbial inoculants to induce salt stress tolerance in horticulture crops 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Soil microbes and their abundance in soil 6.3 Origin of salinity and its impact on crops 6.4 Salinity effects on crops 6.5 Benefits and effects of microbial inoculants/plant growth–promoting bacteria to plants’ attributes 6.6 Impact of salinity on soil 6.6.1 Nutrient availability 6.6.2 Osmotic potential 6.6.3 Soil biological activity and diversity 6.7 Microbial functional genes that help to alleviate stress tolerance in plants 6.7.1 N cycle–related genes 6.8 Impact of soil salinity on crops 6.9 Regulation of plant response to soil salinity 6.10 Role of microbial phytohormone signaling in conferring salt stress tolerance in plants 6.10.1 Jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling to induce salt stress in plants 6.10.2 Auxin-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.10.3 Cytokinin and gibberellins-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.10.4 Ethylene-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.10.5 ABA-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.10.6 Brassinosteroids-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.10.7 Strigolactones-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 6.11 Plants with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria-associated salinity stress tolerance 6.12 Plant growth–promoting bacteria alleviating plant stress due to soil salinity 6.12.1 Direct role/mechanisms of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria in conferring stress tolerance 6.12.2 Facilitating resource acquisition 6.12.3 N-fixation 6.12.4 P-solubilization 6.12.5 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase-deaminase 6.12.6 Siderophore production 6.12.7 EPS and biofilms formation 6.12.8 Enhanced plant nutrient uptake 6.12.9 Osmolytes accumulation 6.12.10 Indirect mechanisms 6.13 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria modulation of salinity stress response genes to induce plant tolerance 6.14 Conclusion and future prospects References 7 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in biotic and abiotic stress conditions: function and management in horticulture 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Principles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis 7.3 Functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in abiotic stress conditions 7.3.1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient deficiency 7.3.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil salinity 7.3.3 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress 7.3.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and toxic elements 7.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a biocontrol agent 7.4.1 Improving the host plant nutrient status 7.4.2 Competition 7.4.3 Changes in the host plant roots anatomy 7.4.4 Changes in the microbial status of rhizosphere 7.4.5 Stimulation of the host plant defense system 7.5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi technology 7.6 Conclusions and future directions References 8 Enhancing the physiological and molecular responses of horticultural plants to drought stress through plant growth–promot... 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Effects of drought stress on plants 8.3 Mechanism of the drought tolerance 8.3.1 Physiological responses of the plants 8.3.1.1 Maintenance of the water status in plant tissues and cell 8.3.1.2 Antioxidant defense mechanism 8.3.1.3 Maintaining of membrane stability in plant cells 8.3.1.4 Phytohormones 8.3.1.5 Osmotic adjustment and osmoprotectant 8.3.2 Molecular responses of plants 8.4 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria under drought stress 8.4.1 Physiological and molecular responses of the plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria 8.5 Future perspectives and conclusion References 9 Nanotechnologies for microbial inoculants as biofertilizers in the horticulture 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characteristics of nanomaterials 9.2.1 Types of nanomaterials 9.2.1.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials 9.2.1.2 Hybrid nanomaterials 9.2.1.3 Metal-based nanomaterials 9.2.1.4 Polymeric nanomaterials 9.2.2 Synthesis of nanomaterials 9.2.2.1 Top-down synthesis 9.2.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 9.3 Impact of nanomaterials on plant systems 9.3.1 Nanomaterials interaction with the plants 9.3.2 Mobilization of nanomaterials inside plants 9.3.3 Phytotoxicity of nanomaterials 9.3.4 Biochemical and physiological responses 9.3.5 Applications of nanomaterials in plant sciences 9.3.5.1 Biosensors 9.3.5.2 Controlled release of nutrients and agrochemicals 9.3.5.3 Nanomaterials in plant growth 9.4 Nanotechnology in agriculture 9.4.1 Nanoparticles as micronutrients and macronutrients 9.4.2 Nanoparticles as biocontrol agents 9.4.2.1 Nanopesticides and nanoherbicides 9.4.2.1.1 Nanoherbicides and its mechanism 9.4.2.1.2 Advantages of nanopesticides and nanoherbicides 9.4.3 Nanoparticles as abiotic stress alleviators 9.4.3.1 Drought stress 9.4.3.2 Salinity stress 9.4.3.3 Metal stress 9.4.3.4 Temperature stress 9.4.3.5 UV radiation stress 9.5 Nanoformulations for the crops 9.5.1 Microemulsions 9.5.2 Nanoemulsions 9.5.3 Nanodispersions 9.5.4 Nanoencapsulation 9.5.5 Polymer-based nanoformulations 9.5.6 Clay based encapsulations 9.5.7 Greener encapsulations 9.5.8 Metallic nanoparticles 9.5.9 Nanospheres 9.5.10 Nanomicelles 9.5.11 Nanogels 9.6 Nanotechnology in horticultural systems 9.7 Green nanotechnology 9.7.1 Bacteria and fungi as factories for synthesis of nanoparticles 9.7.2 Nano-biofertilizers and horticultural crops 9.7.3 Status of nano-biofertilizers in research and development 9.8 Conclusion and future perspective Acknowledgments References 10 Use of microbial inoculants against biotic stress in vegetable crops: physiological and molecular aspect 10.1 Why do we need methods as alternatives to the usage of pesticides in agriculture? 10.1.1 Action mechanism of biological agents on vegetables 10.1.2 Root exudates or chemical attractants 10.1.3 Molecular interaction between plants and the microbial community 10.1.3.1 Plants recruit beneficial microbes via exudation 10.1.3.2 Beneficial model species perceive those signals released by plants and produce response signals 10.1.3.3 Plant species perceive those signals released by beneficial species 10.1.3.4 Ca+2 oscillation during symbiotic relationships 10.2 Pathogen biocontrol 10.2.1 Direct pathogen hunter microbial agents 10.2.1.1 Parasitism 10.2.1.2 Antimicrobial production 10.2.1.3 Cell wall degrading enzyme production 10.2.2 Supportive-microbial agents to cope with pathogens 10.2.2.1 Induced systemic resistance 10.2.2.2 Nutrient supply 10.3 Physiological effects of microbial agents on plants 10.3.1 Direct action mechanisms 10.3.1.1 Nitrogen fixation 10.3.1.2 Dissolving phosphorus 10.3.2 Mechanism of Pi solubilization 10.3.2.1 Lowering soil pH 10.3.2.2 Chelation 10.3.2.3 Mineralization 10.3.2.4 Iron production 10.3.2.5 Phytohormone production 10.3.3 Indirect mechanisms of action 10.3.3.1 Induction of systemic disease resistance 10.3.4 Stress management 10.4 Use of microbial agents on solanaceae 10.5 Use of microbial agents on cucurbitaceae 10.6 Use of microbial agents on Brassicaceae 10.7 Other vegetables 10.8 Conclusion References 11 Seed application with microbial inoculants for enhanced plant growth 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods to inoculate microbial applications 11.3 Plant beneficial microorganisms 11.3.1 Bacterial inoculations 11.3.2 Inoculants containing consortia of different bacterial species 11.3.3 Fungal inoculations 11.3.4 Consortia of different microorganisms 11.4 Microbial seed applications in agriculture 11.4.1 Role of microbial seed applications on plant nutrition 11.4.2 Role of microbial seed application to enhance plant growth and suppress plant diseases 11.4.3 Microbial seed applications decreasing the usage of chemical fertilizers and increasing yield 11.5 Cost-efficient microbial biomass preparations for seed treatments 11.6 Comparison of microbial seed applications with other inoculating methods 11.7 Limitations of microbial seed applications 11.8 Conclusion and future prospective References 12 Organic waste separation with microbial inoculants as an effective tool for horticulture 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons 12.3 Half-lives of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils 12.4 Presence of microbial genera/strains in organic waste 12.5 Taxonomical distribution of bacteria in organic waste 12.6 Thermophilic bacteria significance 12.7 Molecular technique to isolate thermophilic bacteria 12.8 Recent advances in characterization of novel metagenome 12.9 Micorbial consortium, an effective tool to degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons in organic waste via composting 12.10 Microbial consortium (thermophilic or mesophilic), the best option for horticulture crop 12.11 Conclusion References 13 Preharvest and postharvest application of microbial inoculants influencing postharvest storage technology in horticultur... 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Some relevant preharvest and postharvest factors influencing horticultural crop quality 13.3 Preharvest microbial inoculants, the allies of postharvest management technologies 13.4 Potential of bioinoculants in postharvest horticultural crops protection and preservation 13.5 Postharvest preservation technologies incorporating microbial inoculants or their metabolites 13.6 Conclusion and future prospective Acknowledgments References 14 Nano-based biofertilizers for horticulture 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Fertilizers 14.3 Microbial inoculants as fertilizers 14.3.1 Application of biofertilizers 14.4 Types of biofertilizers 14.4.1 Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers 14.4.1.1 Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria 14.4.1.2 Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria 14.4.1.3 Associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria 14.4.2 Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers 14.4.3 Potassium solubilizing biofertilizers 14.4.4 Zinc solubilizing biofertilizers 14.4.5 Sulfur oxidizing biofertilizers 14.4.6 Plant growth–promoting biofertilizers 14.5 Nanotechnology—strategic potential in sustainable horticulture 14.6 Nanofertilizers—role in improving crop productivity and crop protection 14.6.1 Effect of macro and micronutrient NFs on plant growth and development 14.7 Nanobiofertilizers—an emerging eco-friendly approach for a smart nutrient delivery system for horticulture 14.7.1 Role in crop protection 14.8 Advantage of nanobiofertilizers over chemical fertilizers 14.9 Conclusion and future perspective Acknowledgments References 15 Biochemical and molecular effectiveness of Bacillus spp. in disease suppression of horticultural crops 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Plant growth promotion by Bacillus spp 15.3 Antagonistic effects of Bacillus species in management of the plant pathogens 15.3.1 Competition between Bacillus spp. and plant pathogens 15.3.2 Antibiosis-secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties 15.3.3 Peptide compounds 15.3.3.1 Ribosomally synthesized peptide compounds 15.3.3.2 Nonribosomally synthesized peptide/lipopeptide compounds 15.3.4 Hydrolytic enzymes 15.3.5 Antimicrobial and volatile compounds 15.4 Plant–pathogen–Bacillus interactions 15.4.1 Systemically induced disease resistance 15.4.2 Phenolic compounds and defense enzymes 15.4.3 Defense structures and genetics 15.5 Future perspectives References Index Back Cover