Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones : Advantages, Challenges, and Global Case Studies

This unique reference gathers numerous new studies examining specific, prominent high-rise buildings around the world. Each nuanced study included undertakes the following pivotal considerations: environmental impacts; safety & social acceptability; energy consumption and comfort; planning contexts within the urban zone; physical footprint and size; services and risks; and a careful assessment of advantages and challenges. Architects and engineers exploring and optimizing sustainable building practices, energy managers, municipal and private project planners, as well as students will find edification and inspiration in the analysis provided by esteemed practitioners and professors within this fascinating volume. Introduction 6 Contents 11 Contributors 13 Chapter 1: Kuala Lumpur City Centre Integrated Urban Development Zone: A New Art of Urban Living 15 1 Introduction 15 2 Urban Living in Malaysia 17 2.1 The Old Traditional and New Kuala Lumpur 18 2.2 Kuala Lumpur as ‘A World Class City’ 20 2.3 Living in KLCC International Zone: ‘City-Within-a-City’ 22 3 Mixed-Use Development Criteria in Kuala Lumpur City Centre International Zone 24 3.1 Variety of Uses 24 3.2 Concentration of People/Density 26 3.3 Mobility and Connectivity 26 3.4 Safety and Security 27 3.5 Sustainability and Flexibility 29 3.6 Open Space and Livelihood 29 4 New Urban Integrated Development in KLCC International Zone 30 4.1 An Analysis Study of Troika Residence 30 4.2 Design Concept 31 4.3 Sustainability Approach on Building Design 35 4.4 Innovative Structure and Construction System 37 5 Conclusion 41 References 44 Chapter 2: Sustainable High-Rise Buildings in the Netherlands 46 1 Introduction: High Rise and Sustainability 46 2 Historic Development and Specific Dutch Situation of High-Rise Buildings 47 3 Tallest Dutch Building: The Maas Tower 49 4 The Biggest Building of the Netherlands: De Rotterdam 51 5 Discussion Energy Performance of the High-Rise Buildings 53 6 Possible Future Solutions 56 7 Necessary Preconditions for Sustainable High-Rise Buildings Design 59 8 Integral Design as a Solution for Sustainable High Rise 61 9 Discussion and Conclusions 63 References 65 Chapter 3: Analysis of Architectural Design Sustainability Issues of Office Towers in Hot Climates: UAE Case 68 1 Introduction 68 2 Background 69 2.1 Increasing Electricity Demands in the UAE 69 2.2 Global Building Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 69 2.3 Energy in Office Buildings 70 2.4 Urban Heat Island Effect 71 3 Improving Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Office Buildings in Hot Climates 72 3.1 Cooling Energy 72 3.2 Lighting Energy 73 4 Passive Cooling Systems 74 5 Guidelines for Sustainable Tower Architectural Design 75 5.1 Built-Form Configuration 75 5.2 Arrangement of the Building Masses 76 5.3 Floor-Plate Design 76 5.4 Building Skin Design 76 5.5 Shading Devices 77 5.6 Glazing Type 77 5.7 Natural and Artificial Lighting Systems 78 6 Analysis of Sustainable Tower Architectural Design in the UAE 78 6.1 Design Description 79 6.1.1 Dubai World Trade Center Tower (DWTC) 79 6.1.2 Emirates Towers Office Building (ETOB) 79 6.1.3 National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD) 81 Al Bahar Towers 81 6.2 Design Analysis 82 7 Conclusion 84 8 Appendix A: Guidelines for Sustainable Tower Architectural Design 85 9 Appendix B: Case Studies Data (Based on Data Collection and Survey) 88 References 89 Chapter 4: Indoor Environment and Assessment 91 1 Introduction 91 1.1 Indoor Environment Quality 91 2 Acoustic 92 3 Lighting 94 4 Thermal Comfort 94 4.1 Recommendations for Office Environments 95 5 Air Quality 95 6 Assessment Method 98 7 Summary 101 References 103 Chapter 5: The Increasing Demand on High-Rise Buildings and Their History 105 1 Introduction 105 2 Sustainability 106 3 Brief Historical Overview of Tall Buildings 107 4 Greenery and High-Rise Buildings 110 5 Conclusions 113 References 113 Chapter 6: The Sustainable High-Rise Building Renewables and Public Perceptions 115 1 Introduction 115 2 Incentivizing Sustainability and Public Acceptance 116 3 Public Perceptions and Visibility of Renewables 117 3.1 Public Perceptions to Different Sustainable Architecture Propositions 119 4 Energy-Saving Features 120 4.1 What the Public say 120 4.2 What the Public say 121 4.3 Public Perceptions and Driving the Visibility of Renewables on High-Rise Buildings 123 5 Conclusions 126 References 127 Chapter 7: Environmentally Performative Design for High-Rise Buildings in North America 129 1 Integrated Design Sustainable Skyscraper: The Design Factors, Sustainability Credentials 132 2 Performative Design Examples 133 2.1 Manitoba Hydro, Canada 133 2.1.1 Site 134 2.1.2 Climate 134 2.1.3 Design Intent and Sustainable Strategies 135 Thermal Mass 136 Daylighting 137 Natural Ventilation Strategy 137 Winter Gardens 138 2.1.4 Heating and Cooling System 140 Geothermal System 140 Displacement Ventilation 141 2.1.5 Performance Analysis 141 2.2 One Bryant Park, New York 142 2.2.1 Site 142 2.2.2 Design Intent and Sustainable Strategies 143 Reduction 143 Integration 144 Reclamation 144 Production 144 Water Usage 145 Degeneration 145 2.2.3 Cooling 146 2.2.4 Daylighting 146 2.3 Performance Analysis 147 3 Conclusion 150 Chapter 8: Assessing the Myths on Energy Efficiency When Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings in a Northern Region 151 1 Introduction 151 1.1 National Goals 151 1.2 Gävleborg Region 152 1.3 EKG-f 152 1.4 Aim and Scope 155 2 Methods 155 2.1 Assessment Description 156 2.1.1 Are Statistics Correct? 156 2.1.2 Selection of Buildings 156 2.1.3 Assessment of Energy Use and Building Performance 156 2.1.4 Building Energy Simulation of ECMs Impact on Energy Use and Costs 157 2.2 Retrofitting Alternatives 158 2.3 Life Cycle Cost 161 2.4 Primary Energy and CO2-eq Emission 162 3 Results 162 3.1 Statistics on the National vs Regional Level 162 3.2 Investigation of EPC, Ventilation, and Indoor Temperatures 164 3.3 Influence of Individual EMCs 165 3.4 Influence of EMC Packages 167 4 Discussion and Conclusions 169 References 173 Chapter 9: High-Rise Buildings in Context of Sustainability; Urban Metaphors of Greater Cairo, Egypt: A Case Study on Sustainability and Strategic Environmental Assessment 174 1 Introduction 174 2 High-Rise Buildings’ Metaphors in the Context of Planning within the Urban Structure 177 3 Historical High-Rise Buildings in Egypt 182 3.1 The World’s Oldest High-Rise Building: Great Pyramid of Giza 182 3.2 The First High-Rise, An Inspiring High-Rise 183 3.3 Aerodynamics and Building’s Shape and Sustainability 183 3.4 Earthquake Resistance 184 3.5 Transamerica Pyramid 184 3.6 What Did High-Rise Buildings Look Like in Mid-­Twentieth Century? 185 3.7 The “Yes” Versus “No” for Sustainable Tall Buildings 188 4 Climate Change and the Building Sector 191 5 Why High-Rise Buildings for Climate Change Adaptation? 192 5.1 Population and Migration Trends 192 6 High-Rise Buildings: Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions 193 6.1 Embodied Energy 193 6.2 Operational Energy 196 7 Operation Versus Embodied Energy in Tall Buildings 196 8 High-Rise Buildings that are Most Affected by Climate Change 202 9 Advantages and Disadvantages of High-Rise Buildings 205 10 Sustainability and Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA), High-Rise Buildings 207 11 Introduction on the Selected Case Study 208 11.1 The Hilton Ramses High-Rise 208 11.2 The Hotel Building’s Envelop 208 11.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment 210 11.3.1 Environmental Impact 210 Energy 210 Operational Energy 212 Water Consumption 213 Hotel Water Consumption Estimation 213 Magnitude of Water Consumption 217 Transportation 217 Traffic Properties 218 Traffic Flow Simulation 218 11.3.2 Economic Impact 221 Hotel Revenue 221 Construction Materials 222 11.3.3 Social Impact 222 Society Welfare (Job Vacancies) 222 Social Interaction 223 12 Discussion and Conclusions 223 References 226 Chapter 10: High-Rise Buildings in Mediterranean Climate: “Illa de la Llum” Case Study in Barcelona 229 1 Introduction 229 2 The Façade in High-Rise Buildings 230 2.1 Constructive Requirements 231 2.2 Comfort Requirements 233 3 Lifestyle in Mediterranean Climate 234 4 Case Study: A High-Rise Building in the Mediterranean: La Illa de la Llum 235 4.1 The Building 236 4.2 Constructive and Functional Adaptation 238 4.2.1 Commitment to the Challenges of Prefabrication 239 4.2.2 Adaptation to the Climate 240 5 Conclusions 242 References 242 Concluding Remarks 243 About the Authors 244 Index 254 Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Kuala Lumpur City Centre Integrated Urban Development Zone: A New Art of Urban Living....Pages 1-31 Sustainable High-Rise Buildings in the Netherlands....Pages 33-54 Analysis of Architectural Design Sustainability Issues of Office Towers in Hot Climates: UAE Case....Pages 55-77 Indoor Environment and Assessment....Pages 79-92 The Increasing Demand on High-Rise Buildings and Their History....Pages 93-102 The Sustainable High-Rise Building Renewables and Public Perceptions....Pages 103-116 Environmentally Performative Design for High-Rise Buildings in North America....Pages 117-138 Assessing the Myths on Energy Efficiency When Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings in a Northern Region....Pages 139-161 High-Rise Buildings in Context of Sustainability; Urban Metaphors of Greater Cairo, Egypt: A Case Study on Sustainability and Strategic Environmental Assessment....Pages 163-217 High-Rise Buildings in Mediterranean Climate: “Illa de la Llum” Case Study in Barcelona....Pages 219-232 Back Matter....Pages 233-248