Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments: Frameworks and Perspectives (Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands)

The purpose of this book is to present a range of cases and comparison of the issues, insights and cases emerging from the Sustainable Energy Mix Summit in the Galapagos that offer a better understanding of energy mix in fragile environments from a variety of International locations and contexts including the Galapagos. Dedication 5 Foreword 6 Series Foreword 9 Preface 11 Series Preface 14 Contents 16 Contributors 18 Chapter 1: Galapagos: A Microcosm of Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments 20 Introduction 20 Endemism and Vulnerability 22 The Galapagos as a Frontier for Extractive Economies 23 Cruise Boats and Tourism 25 Migration, Population Increase and a Higher Standard of Living 27 Energy Demand and Supply in the Galapagos 29 Energy Subsidies in the Galapagos 31 Searching for Solutions 33 Conclusion 35 References 36 Chapter 2: Driving Forces and Barriers for a Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments: North–South Perspectives 39 Introduction 39 Energy, Climate Change and Tourism on Remote Island States 40 Driving Forces 42 Barriers 43 Precedents 45 Barbados 45 Canary Islands 46 Northern Canada 46 Conclusions 47 References 49 Chapter 3: Climate Change Policy as a Catalyst for Sustainable Energy Practice: Examples from Mainland Ecuador and the Galapagos 51 Context 51 Case One: A Radical Approach to Solar Energy Development 52 Solar Project Development Phases 53 Market Assessment and Research 54 Project Site Investigation and Development Planning 54 Technology, Equipment Investigation, and Procurement 55 Partnership Development and Financing 55 Procurement, Labor Force Recruitment, and Construction Contracting 55 Project Ownership Transition (On-Going Operations and Maintenance Logistics) 56 Solar Development Lessons Learned 56 Case Two: Adding Energy Efficiency into the Energy Mix 57 Energy Audit Results 57 Lighting 59 Potential LED Savings 59 Air Conditioning 60 Improving Sealing 61 The Water-Energy Nexus 61 Water Audit Results 62 Desalination Water Treatment Plant 63 Increasing Efficiency for the Energy-Water Nexus 63 Lessons Learned 64 Conclusions 64 References 64 Chapter 4: Biofuels in the Energy Mix of the Galapagos Islands 66 Introduction 66 Sustainable Energy Mix Development 67 Jatropha Oil Production 69 Floreana Pilot Project Results 70 Future Opportunities for Biofuel Use 70 Next Steps 71 References 72 Chapter 5: Policies and Laws and Island Environments 74 Introduction 74 Solar Energy: South Pacific Islands 76 Geothermal Energy: Iceland, Indonesia 77 Wind: Samso Island, Denmark and Ramea, and Prince Edward and Haida Gwaii Islands, Canada 80 Tidal Energy 84 Laws and Policies to Support Renewable Energy 84 Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Programs 85 Germany 86 Germany and Denmark 91 Ecuador 93 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) 94 Chile 96 Non-Conventional Renewable Energy Law (Law 20.257) (2008) 97 Periodic Call for Tenders 98 One Other Challenge to RE Development for Some Nations: International Trade Agreement Obligations Under GATT 99 Conclusion 102 References 105 Chapter 6: Using Life Cycle Assessment to Facilitate Energy Mix Planning in the Galapagos Islands 110 Introduction 110 An Introductory Summary of Life Cycle Assessment 111 Goal and Scope Definition 111 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 112 Impact Assessment 112 Goal and Scope Identification for Energy Supply Options to the Galapagos 112 The Energy Mix Options 113 Pathway One: Baseline Diesel and Gasoline Imports from Ecuador Mainland 113 Pathway Two: Natural Gas and Gas to Liquids 114 Pathway Three: Jatropha Biodiesel 115 Life Cycle Inventory Sample Calculation 117 LCA GHG Results 117 Discussion 119 Conclusions and Future Work 120 References 121 Chapter 7: Sustainability of Renewable Energy Projects in the Amazonian Region 123 Introduction 123 The Yantsa Ii Etsari Project 125 Sustainability Overview of Yantsa Ii Etsari 127 Alternatives for the Project Sustainability 130 Local Utility Involvement and Stakeholders’ Participation 130 Introduction 130 Relationship Between the Beneficiaries and the Electric Company 131 A Model for Sustainable Rural Electrification. 132 SHS Design Focused on the Community 132 Sense of Community Ownership 132 Distribution Company Involvement 132 Conclusion 133 Development of a Solar Boat Prototype 134 Introduction 134 Field Research and Data Collection 135 Design of a Solar Canoe for the Amazon 136 Results: Configuration and Economic Analysis 137 Conclusions 138 Design of an Automatic Reliability-Centered Maintenance Model 139 Introduction 139 Research Approach and Results 140 Conclusion 142 Integrated Waste Management System 145 Introduction 145 Baseline Definition 145 Pre-installation Flowchart 145 Installation Flowchart 145 Operation Flowchart 146 Identification and Significance of Environmental Impacts 146 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 149 Toward an Integrated Solid Waste Management 150 Conclusion 151 Sustainability Assessment of Rural Electrification: Further Steps 151 Environmental Dimension 151 Economic Dimension 151 Institutional Dimension 152 Technical Dimension 152 Social Dimension 152 Spatial Dimension of Sustainability 152 Stakeholders’ Participation 153 Conclusions and Discussion 153 References 154 Chapter 8: Estimation of Landfill Methane Generation from Solid Waste Management Options in the Galapagos Islands 156 Introduction 156 Estimation of Solid Waste Generation 157 Estimation of Landfill Methane Generation 159 Scenario 1: Landfill 160 Scenario 2: Recycling 164 Conclusions 165 References 166 Chapter 9: Biodigesters as a Community-Based Sustainable Energy Solution 167 Introduction 167 Jiudao Yakou, China 169 San Cristobal, Galapagos Islands 170 Technology Transfer 171 Environmental and Socioeconomic Benefits for the Jiudao Yakou Village 172 Environmental and Socioeconomic Benefits for San Cristobal 173 Conclusion 173 References 174 Chapter 10: Sustainable Energy Mix + Fragile Environments in Canada’s Northern Coastal Zone: Is Technology Enough? 176 Northern Fragile Environments 176 Oil and Gas Reserves in Northern Fragile Environments 177 Situational Energy Demand 180 Renewable Energy Sources 182 Factors Affecting Energy Mix Planning and Implementation 183 Sustainable Energy Mix Driving Forces 187 Lessons Learned, Information Gaps, and Priorities for Action 188 Conclusion 190 References 192 Chapter 11: Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments: A Transdisciplinary Framework for Action 195 Introduction 195 Energy Mix as a Wicked Problem 196 Avoiding the “Logic of Failure” 196 Fragile Environments as Social Ecological Systems 197 Energy Mix as a Sustainable Development Strategy 197 Galapagos Energy Mix Themes 198 The Politics of Energy Mix 202 Energy Mix Design in Fragile Environments 203 Conclusion 205 References 205 Index 207 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxii Galapagos: A Microcosm of Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments (Diego Quiroga)....Pages 1-19 Driving Forces and Barriers for a Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments: North–South Perspectives (Michael S. Quinn)....Pages 21-32 Climate Change Policy as a Catalyst for Sustainable Energy Practice: Examples from Mainland Ecuador and the Galapagos (Irene M. Herremans, Mary-Ellen Tyler)....Pages 33-47 Biofuels in the Energy Mix of the Galapagos Islands (Irene M. Herremans, Arturo Mariño Echegaray)....Pages 49-56 Policies and Laws and Island Environments (Allan Ingelson, Christopher Phillip)....Pages 57-92 Using Life Cycle Assessment to Facilitate Energy Mix Planning in the Galapagos Islands (Eduard Cubi, Joule Bergerson, Anil Mehrotra)....Pages 93-105 Sustainability of Renewable Energy Projects in the Amazonian Region (Juan Leonardo Espinoza, José Jara-Alvear, Luis Urdiales Flores)....Pages 107-139 Estimation of Landfill Methane Generation from Solid Waste Management Options in the Galapagos Islands (Rodny Peñafiel, Lucila Pesántez, Valeria Ochoa-Herrera)....Pages 141-151 Biodigesters as a Community-Based Sustainable Energy Solution (Elizabeth Romo-Rábago, Irene M. Herremans, Patrick Hettiaratchi)....Pages 153-161 Sustainable Energy Mix + Fragile Environments in Canada’s Northern Coastal Zone: Is Technology Enough? (Mary-Ellen Tyler, Allan Ingelson)....Pages 163-181 Sustainable Energy Mix in Fragile Environments: A Transdisciplinary Framework for Action (Mary-Ellen Tyler, Irene M. Herremans)....Pages 183-194 Back Matter ....Pages 195-205