Sustainable Energy Development and Innovation: Selected Papers from the World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) 2020 (Innovative Renewable Energy)

This book contains selected papers presented during the World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) 2020 at the Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon. The WREC is dedicated to promoting renewable energy global development, and features top international experts, policy makers, scientists, engineers, technology developers, and business practitioners addressing the most current research and technological breakthroughs in sustainable energy development and innovation. The contributions address policy and renewable energy technologies and applications in all sectors―for heating and cooling, agricultural applications, water, desalination, industrial applications, and for the transport sectors. Presents cutting-edge research in green building and renewable energy from all over the world; Covers the most up-to-date research developments, government policies, business models, best practices, and innovations; Contains case studies and examples to enhance practicalapplication of the technologies. Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress – 20 Introduction Contents Part I: Photovoltaic Technology Innovation in Solar Technology: Toward a 100% Renewable Electricity Future 1 Introduction and Historical Setting 2 Evolution in Photovoltaics: Production, Shipments, and Installations 2.1 Where Is this PV Coming from? 2.2 Where Is this PV Product Being Used? 3 PV Technology Trends 3.1 Current Commercial PV 3.2 The PV Technology Device Landscape 4 The Future: Evolution or Revolution? 4.1 The Issues: Pandemic and the Economy 4.2 The Terawatt Challenge 4.3 Solar PV: Penetrating the Greater Energy Sectors 5 Summary References Advancements in High-Performance Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Collector Technology 1 Introduction 2 Established Research and Designs of PVT Systems 3 Conclusions References Photovoltaics Versus Fossil Fuel: Financial Feasibility Model for Expansion of Access to Electricity in Off-Grid Regions 1 Introduction 2 Electricity Supply and Demand in Off-Grid Regions 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Model Development and Parameters 4 Data Sources and Case Study 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Investment, Operation and Maintenance Costs 5.2 Energy Consumption: Benchmarks and Costs 5.3 Sensitivity Analysis 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Comparison Analysis of Potential and Distribution of Photovoltaic Power in Five Open-Pit Mines in North Korea 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Optimal Ratio of Battery to PV Module Voltage for Efficient Operation of Direct-Coupled PV System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Solar PV Model 2.2 Electrical Data Sheet of Polycrystalline 2.3 NCA Battery Model 2.4 Load Profile 3 Results 3.1 Optimal Solar PV Module 4 Optimal Ratio of Battery to Maximum Power Point PV Voltages 5 Conclusion References Test of a Series of Solar Panels Set on a Parabolic Roof 1 Introduction 2 Studies in Wind Tunnel 3 PV Installation Model 3.1 Results Obtained and Their Discussion 4 Conclusions References Nanostructured P-N Junctions and Photoconductive Cells for Thermal Energy Conversion 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Evaluation of Omani Experience in Using Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Stations 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 2.1 System Description 2.2 PV Plant Performance Analysis 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Investigation of the Effect of Annealing Temperature of Perovskite Layer on Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Characterization of Perovskite Solar Cell 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Characterizations of the Fabricated Devices 3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Properties 3.1.2 Morphological Analysis 3.2 Electrical Characteristics 3.3 Stability of the Fabricated Cells 4 Conclusion References Characterization of Photovoltaic (PV) Modules Under Real Operating Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Effects of the Real Operating Conditions on the Performance of PV Modules 3 Effects of Solar Irradiance 4 Effects of Temperature 5 Spectral Effects 6 Angle of Incidence 7 The Experiment 8 Results and Discussion References Standalone Photovoltaic System for Boys Hostel at Fiji National University, Natabua Campus, Fiji 1 Introduction 2 Photovoltaic Generator/System 3 PV Standalone System Description for Boys Hostel 4 System Sizing 5 Size and Specification of Battery 6 Specification of the PV Array 7 Specifying a Controller 8 Specifying Inverter 9 Sizing the System Wiring 10 Conclusions References Part II: Solar Thermal, Heat Pumps and Geothermal Energy Analysis of a Novel Thermochemical de-NOx Cycle with Composite Multi-Halide Sorbent 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Thermochemical de-NOx Cycle 3 Experiments 3.1 Materials 3.2 Experimental Test Unit 3.3 Test Procedure 3.4 Test Results 3.4.1 Equilibrium for Thermodynamics (Sorption Capacity, Hysteresis) 3.4.2 Cycle Characteristics Comparison Starting Temperature of the Desorption Process Thermal Efficiency Available Ammonia Storage Density 4 Conclusion References Development of Innovative Technologies for Solar-Assisted Heat Pump for Residential Heat Supply 1 Introduction 2 Heat Pump Development for SAHP 2.1 Solar-Assisted Air Source Heat Pump (SAASHP) Systems 2.2 Solar-Ground Source Heat Pump (SAGSHP) 3 Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) with Heat Pump 3.1 Development of PVT with HP 3.2 SAHP Enhanced with PCM Integrated for Underfloor System and PV Regulation 4 Barriers to SAHP Integration 5 Conclusions References Bespoke Method for Installation of VIPs on Building Walls and Their Performance 1 Introduction 2 Retrofit Approach and Case-Study Building 3 VIP’s Properties, Assembling Method and Installation Challenges 4 Operational Data and Results 5 Conclusions References The Value of CSP with Thermal Energy Storage in Providing Flexible Electric Power 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Operating Strategy Algorithms 3.1 Non-Matching Algorithm 3.2 Matching Algorithm 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Design, Realization, and Preliminary Tests of a Three-Dimensional Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) Solar Cooker in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) 1 Introduction 2 Design and Realization of the Three-Dimensional CPC Collector 3 Experimental Study of the CPC Solar Cooker 4 Conclusion References Solar-to-Work Conversion from Meteorological Data 1 Introduction 2 Maximum Work Out of Blackbody Isotropic Radiation 3 Application to Actual Solar Radiation Data References Identifying Optimal Nanofluid Synthesis Conditions for Applications in Solar Thermal Concentrators 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Synthesis of Nanofluid 2.2 UV–Vis Characterization 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Nanofluid Spectral Transmittance 3.2 Effect of Sonication Duration on Spectral Properties of Nanofluid 3.3 Long-Term Stability of Nanofluid with Continuous Stirring 4 Conclusion References Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources and EU Project HEART 1 Introduction 2 Sensible Storage Technologies 3 Latent Storage Technologies 4 Thermochemical Storage Technologies 5 HEART Project 6 Conclusions References Vacuum Insulation Panels for Thermal Energy Storage Systems 1 Introduction 2 Model 2.1 Boundary Conditions 2.2 Vacuum Insulation Panels 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Modelling of Heat Pump System with Air and Solar Heat Sources Including Latent Thermal Energy Storage 1 Introduction 2 Systems Description 3 System Modelling 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Battery Storage: An Enabler for Utility and Grid Dynamics 1 Indian Power Sector—Status Quo and Projections (Fig. 1) 2 Government Commitments 3 Concerns and Utilities and DISCOM 4 Storage as an Enabler: Focus—Utilities and DISCOMs (Fig. 3) 5 Case for ESS—Transmission Investment Deferral 6 Case for ESS at Distribution Side 6.1 Major Benefits of ESS at Feeder/DT Level with Solar PV Penetration 6.1.1 Distribution Upgrade Deferral (Fig. 6) 6.1.2 System-Wide Peak Saving Benefits 6.1.3 Power Quality Savings 7 Case for Storage—Distribution Utilities 8 Conclusion References Performance, Modelling, Measurement and Simulation of Energy Efficiency for Heat Exchanger, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 1 Introduction 2 Earth-Energy Systems (EESs) 2.1 The Cooling Cycle 2.2 Function of the GSHP Circuit 2.3 Free Cooling 2.4 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 2.5 System Performance 2.6 Vapour Compression Refrigeration 2.7 Refrigerant Properties 2.8 Cooling Mode 2.9 Heat Pump Antifreeze 3 Air Distribution 3.1 Some Definitions 3.1.1 Horizontal Collector 3.1.2 Antifreeze 3.1.3 Refrigerant 3.1.4 Heat Exchanger 3.1.5 Slinky 3.1.6 Passive Heat Exchange 3.2 Some Refrigeration Characteristics 3.3 The Ideal Refrigeration Cycle 3.4 Real Refrigeration Systems 3.4.1 Isentropic Compressor Efficiency 3.4.2 Condenser Subcooling 3.5 Refrigerant Properties (Charts and Tables) 3.6 Pressure Drops in Evaporator and Condenser 3.7 Refrigeration System Performance Improvement 3.8 Multiple Compression Using Flash Chambers 3.9 Diagram of Multiple Compressions Using Flash Chamber 4 Discussions 5 Conclusion References Effect of Natural and Forced Ventilation on Drying of Kiwi in an Indirect Solar Dryer 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Description of the Solar Dryer 3 The Thermal Performance Results 4 Conclusion References Energy and Exergy Performance Comparison of Three Different Solar Cookers Using Different Loads 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methodology 3 Thermal Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation of Solar Still with Corrugated Absorber Surface for Domestic Desalination Use 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Experimental System and Experimental Plan 2.1 Components 2.2 Experimental Plan 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Directly Absorbing Nanofluid-Based Solar Thermal Collectors for Cairo 1 Introduction 1.1 Numerical Modelling of Nanofluid-Based Solar Collector 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Effect of the Nanoparticle Materials 2.2 Effect of Volume Fraction 2.3 Effect of Mass Flow Rate 2.4 Effect of Irradiation 2.5 Contribution of Each Factor 3 Conclusion References The Impact of Efficient Insulation on Thermal Performance of Building Elements in Hot Arid Region 1 Introduction 2 Procedure of the Work 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Thermal Performance of the Walls 3.2 Thermal Performance of the Roof 3.3 Thermal Performance of the Foundation 4 Conclusions References Part III: Sustainability and Low Energy Architecture Walking with the Climate: Technologies and Methodology on Intermediate Urban Open Space Design 1 Introduction 2 Urban Heat Islands 3 The Impact of Urban Heat Islands 3.1 Increased Energy Consumption 3.2 Increased Emissions of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases 3.3 Deteriorating Air Quality 3.4 Reduced Health and Comfort 4 The Conceptual Framework for Mitigation Measures: The Case Study of Prati, Rome 5 Conclusions References Developing Sustainable Cities for Climate Change Mitigation 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Comfort Factors and Indices 3 Methodology 3.1 Identification of the Case Study Area 3.2 Current Situation Scenario 3.3 Modified Situation Scenario 3.4 Weather Data 3.5 Simulations 3.6 Case Study Overview 4 Results 4.1 Current Situation Scenario 4.2 Modified Situation Scenario 4.3 Modified Situation Scenario – Focus Area 5 Conclusions Bibliography Living Inspired by Nature: Two Scenarios of Green Buildings in Sri Lanka 1 Introduction 2 Two Scenarios 2.1 Scenario A 2.2 Scenario B 3 Comparison 4 Cost and Benefit 4.1 At a Global Level 4.2 At a Building Level 5 Conclusion References Buildings’ Thermal Insulation Materials’ Market and Drivers: Global Outlook and Assessment in the Context of SDGs 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 4 Dominating Thermal Insulation Materials of the Global Market 4.1 Asia 4.2 North America 4.3 Europe 5 Regions Dominating the Thermal Insulation Market 6 Main Drivers of the Global Thermal Insulation Market 7 Main Drivers’ Weight Based on Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs 8 Egypt’s Thermal Insulation Market Drivers’ Weight 9 Results and Discussions 10 Conclusions Appendices References Innovative Urban Farming Techniques for Sustainability of Cities: from Farm to Fork – Case of the City Lanuvio, Rome, Italy 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Issues and Challenges 4 Methodology 5 SWOT Analysis 6 The Study 6.1 Concept 6.2 Architectural Solutions 6.3 Environmental Solutions 6.3.1 Energy 6.3.2 Water 6.3.3 Materials 6.3.4 Emissions 7 Urban Farm Design 7.1 Surroundings and Indoor Area 7.2 The Aquaponic System 7.2.1 The Pool 7.2.2 The Fishes 7.2.3 The Columns and Big Pots 7.2.4 Estimated Production 7.3 Green Wall 7.3.1 Green Wall System 7.3.2 Green Wall Plants 7.3.3 Pests and Pathogens 7.3.4 Irrigation 7.4 Synergic Garden 7.4.1 Garden Structure 7.4.2 Crops Combinations 7.4.3 Estimated Production 7.4.4 Irrigation System 7.4.5 Composting 8 Business Model 8.1 Products and Services Provided 8.2 Targeted Customers 8.3 Organizational Structure 8.4 Funding 8.5 Cost Analysis 8.6 Revenue Stream Analysis 8.7 Operation Margin and ROI 9 Results 10 Conclusions Appendix A References Mediterranean University as Catalyst for Eco-Sustainable Renovation: The Experience of Med-EcoSuRe Cross-Border Living Lab 1 Introduction 2 The Challenge of Public Buildings Renovation in the Mediterranean Area 3 The Vision of the Med-EcoSuRe Project 4 The Multilevel Living Lab Approach 5 Experimenting the Digital Twin: The Advanced Living Lab 6 Conclusion References Application of Renewable Energies in a University Building with Complex Topology 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 3 Numerical Methodology 3.1 Warm Internal Greenhouses 3.2 Cold Underground Spaces 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Winter Conditions 4.2 Summer Conditions 5 Conclusions References Impacts of Ecological and Psychological Human Behaviors: Assessment of Selected Buildings in New Cairo, Egypt to Attain Livability and Mitigate Climate Change 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Environmental Psychologies 4 Methodology 4.1 Understanding Livability 4.2 Livability in Cities 4.3 Examples of Livable Cities 5 Case Studies and Assessment 5.1 Case Study 1 – First ABC Bank 5.2 Case Study 2 – Bank Misr 5.3 The Conceptual Livability Indicators 5.4 Assessment of Livability 6 Results and Discussions 7 Conclusions Appendix 1 References The Visual Representation of Urban Contexts for the Education to the Sustainability: The App VISOSMappING 1 Introduction 2 Approaches and Methods 2.1 The Survey and Representation Workflow 3 Discussion 3.1 Sustainable Consumption as a Training Process 3.2 The city’s Visual Storytelling 4 The Case Study: The VISOSMappING Platform 5 Results and Conclusions References Thermal Performance of Roof Solutions for Social Housing in Portoviejo, Ecuador 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Indoor Temperature in Zinc Roof Housings 3.2 Indoor Temperature in Experimental Zinc Roof Modules 3.3 Correlation Between Housing and Experimental Modules 4 Conclusion References Mass Transit: An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Urban Development – The Case of Greater Cairo Region 1 Introduction 2 Sustainable Mobility and Transport 3 Transport Trends and Approaches 3.1 North American Cities 3.2 Western European Cities 3.3 Cities in Developing Nations 4 Urban Mobility Trends in the GCR 4.1 Public Transport in the GCR 4.2 Transport Supply in the GCR 4.3 Challenges of Public Transit Planning in GCR 4.4 BRT Planning in Giza City 5 Conclusion References Energy Management and Savings in the Domestic Situation: A Case Study 1 Electricity Meters 2 Power Diverter and Hub 3 Water Usage 4 Examples of Spring and Summer Energy Usage 5 Typical Winter Consumption 6 Typical Spring Consumption 7 Conclusions The Scope of Advanced Smart Vacuum Insulation Technologies for Net Zero Energy Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Vacuum Glazing (VG) 3 Triple Vacuum Glazing (TVG) 4 Electrochromic Vacuum Glazing (EVG) 5 Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Electrochromic Vacuum Quadruple Glazing (STPV-EVQG) 6 Translucent Vacuum Insulation Panel (TVIP) 7 Fusion-Sealed Vacuum Glazing (FVG) 8 Conclusion References Studies of the Effect of Glazed Facades and Vegetation on Urban Heat Islands in Brasilia 1 Introduction 2 Climatic Context of Brasilia 3 Methodology 4 Study Cases and Results 5 Conclusion Reference Buildings’ Morphology, Solar Rights and Zero Energy in High Density Urban Areas 1 Introduction 2 Densification Programs in Israel 3 Design for Solar Rights and Solar Access 4 Urban Densification Alternatives 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Integrating Building Information Modeling Tool for Enhancing Energy and Daylight Performance in buildings’ retrofit and Attaining Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 3.1 Envelope Thermal Profile 4 Retrofit Schemes 4.1 The Simulation 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusions References Climate Change Adaptation: Renewable Energy and Climate Actions in Cities to Mitigate Climate Change and Enhance Liveability – A Diagnostic and Strategic Study 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Methodology 3.1 The Steps of the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) 3.2 National and Regional Strategies on Climate Change Adaptation 3.3 The Case Study and Considered Scope 4 Sustainable Energy and Climate Objectives: City of Hurghada 5 SECAP Development: Case Study 5.1 Adaptation Cycle-Specific Steps (ACSS) 5.2 Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis 5.3 Climate Adaptation 5.4 Adaptation Scoreboard 6 Mapping Climate Change Risks by Sectors Against Vulnerability 6.1 Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis 7 Results and Discussions 8 Conclusions Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References An Approach for Healthier, Smart and Sustainable Cities in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis: Mapping SSC Indicators with Quality of Life and SDGs 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Smart Sustainable Cities’ Approach as an Effective Solution for COVID-19 5 Smart City and Sustainable City 6 Procedures 7 Results and Discussions 8 Conclusions References Urban Farming as an Innovative Tool for Generative and Sustainable Cities: The Case of Galliera City in Bologna, Italy 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Issues and Challenges 4 Methodology 5 Concept and the Process of Project Development 5.1 Sustainable Architectural and Innovative Solutions 5.1.1 Art and Science Museum 5.1.2 Research Centre 5.1.3 Column of Hop 5.1.4 Curvilinear Shed 5.1.5 Nature Fusion Cells 5.1.6 Hop-E Mobile App 5.2 Main Zones’ Development 5.3 Environmental Engineering Approach 6 Urban Agriculture Interventions 7 Business Model 8 Results and Discussions 9 Conclusions Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C References The Need for Renewable Energy Towards Sustainable, Green and Smart Buildings: Case of Emirate of Ajman 1 Introduction 2 Electricity Status and Demand 3 Potential of Renewable Energy Resources 4 Solar Energy 5 Suitable Solar Energy Technologies 6 Wind Energy 7 Waste to Energy 8 Geothermal 9 Hydro/Ocean 10 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Smart Buildings: The Right Solution 11 Smart, Sustainable Buildings 12 Impact of Smart Grids on Intelligent Buildings and Cities 13 Smart Building Elements 14 An On-Going Project Proposal in the Emirate of Ajman – UAE 15 Conclusion References Sustainable Buildings for Sustainable Community in the Emirate of Ajman – UAE 1 Introduction 2 Sustainable and Green Buildings: Ajman’s Energy and Environmental Solution 3 Sustainability of Mixed-Use Buildings in Ajman 4 Sustainable Energy Performance and Certification Solution 5 Sustainable Community Needs 6 Sustainable Materials 7 Sustainable Energy-Community Framework Model 8 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Green Buildings 9 Renovated Buildings 10 Case Study 10.1 Building Description 10.2 Building Energy Assessment 10.3 Converting to Sustainable Building 11 Conclusions References Mediterranean Hospital Energy Performance Mapping: The Energy Auditing as a Tool Towards Zero Energy Healthcare Facilities 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Overview of the Three Clinic Buildings 3.1 Climate Zone 3.2 Floor Areas of All Clinics 4 Envelope of the Clinics 5 Energy Systems of the Clinics 5.1 HVAC 5.2 Hot Water 5.3 Lighting System 5.4 Electrical Energy Monitoring 5.4.1 Clinic A Monitoring 5.4.2 Clinic B Monitoring 5.4.3 Clinic C Monitoring 6 Energy Consumption of the Clinics 6.1 Clinic A 6.1.1 Electricity 6.1.2 Diesel Oil 6.2 Clinic B 6.2.1 Electricity 6.2.2 Diesel Oil 6.3 Clinic C 6.3.1 Electricity 6.3.2 Diesel Oil 7 Energy Performance Comparison of the Three Clinics 8 Potential Improvements 9 Conclusions Bibliography Study of the Influence of Solar Shading Devices in the Solar Inputs in Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Case Study 4 Methodology 5 Development and Presentation of Results 5.1 Study of the Influence of the Windows Properties in Solar Contributions 5.2 Study of the Influence of Fixed Solar Shading Device in Solar Contributions 5.3 Study of the Influence of Dynamic Solar Shading Device in Solar Contributions 6 Conclusions References The Effect of Colored Transparent Filters in Transmission of Solar Radiation of Building Facades 1 Introduction 2 Stained Glass: Orosi Glass 3 Thermal Radiation 4 Light Transmission 5 Conclusion References Part IV: Bio-Energy, Biofuels and Waste-to-Energy Sustainable-Business Waste Management: A Case the Emirate of Ajman – UAE 1 Background 2 Methodology 3 Waste Status in the Emirate of Ajman 4 Emirate of Ajman Location and Industrial Waste 5 Ajman Municipality Waste and Public Health Department 6 Ajman Municipality’s Strategic Goals and Most Important Material Topics and the SDGs 7 Sustainable Waste Management, Sustainable Business – Key Factors and Smart Waste for Ajman Municipality 8 Strategic Risks for Business – Waste Management 9 Positive Environmental Impacts Achieved Through Digitalisation Initiatives 10 Business Advantages for Waste Minimisation – Initiatives 11 Waste Treatment Technologies Business Opportunities 12 Conclusions References Energy Recovery in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Utilization of Hydro and Biogas Energy 1 Background 2 Case Study: Tatlar WWTP 3 Conclusions References Mechanical Biological Treatment Facility: Energy Recovery Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Net Energy Production (NEP) Assessment 2.2 Goal and Scope Definition 2.3 Scenarios and Boundary 2.3.1 Scenario 1 2.3.2 Scenario 2 2.3.3 Scenario 3 2.4 Life Cycle Inventory Energy Assessment 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Results 3.2 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Climate Change and Renewable Energy-2020 1 Introduction 2 Geothermal Energy 3 Hydropower 4 Tidal Energy 5 Biomass and Biogas and Waste to Energy 6 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 7 Solar Thermal 8 Photovoltaic Technology 9 Wind Energy Technology 10 Off-Shore Wind Farms 11 Transport Progress 12 Conclusion References Part V: Policy, Finance, Social Impact, Education and Sustainability The European Green Deal: Unlocking the EU’s Potentials of Renewable Energy? 1 Introduction and Context 2 Objectives of the European Green Deal 3 Components of the European Green Deal 4 Conclusions and Outlook References The Opportunities and Challenges for 100% Renewable Energy 1 Introduction and Background 2 The Concept of 100% Renewable Energy 3 Current Status and Projections for Renewable Energy: The Solar Sector 4 Pathways for Decarbonizing Energy: The Role of Renewables 4.1 IRENA’s Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Analysis 4.2 Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals – UTS (Springer) 4.3 LUT University and Energy Watch Group (EWG) Study on 100% Renewables 5 Summary References “Zero-Carbon World”: Opportunities and Threats for New and Old National Economies Because of Energy and Industry Transition 1 Introduction 2 Why “Zero-Carbon World” and Energy Transition Toward 100% Renewables 3 Industry Transition as Consequence of a Zero-Carbon World 3.1 Electricity Generation 3.2 Mobility 3.3 Houses 3.4 Chemistry 4 “Old” and “New” National Economies 5 Case Study “Photovoltaics” 6 Case Study “Li-ion Batteries” 7 Conclusion References Renewable Energy Technologies: Barriers and Policy Implications 1 Introduction 2 Literature on Barriers to Renewable Energy 3 Barriers Identification and Policy Frameworks 4 Conclusions References Energy Poverty and Policy Implications in Two Mediterranean Countries 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Energy Poverty in Cyprus 4 Energy Poverty in Spain 5 Energy Poverty Policy Approaches: Similarities and Differences 6 Conclusions Annex 1 Specific regional measures addressing energy poverty in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities References Enhancing Higher Education Buildings’ Performance Through Energy Audit and Retrofitting: Climate Action to Mitigate CO2 Emissions and Attain SDGs 1 Introduction 1.1 Commercial and Educational Buildings 2 Objective and Scope 3 Methodology 3.1 The Case Study 3.2 Building’s Observation 3.3 Collecting Preliminary Data 4 Energy Audit: Baseline Assessment of the Case Study 5 Analysis of the Baseline Case 6 Retrofitting and Building’s Energy Improvements 7 Results 8 Conclusions Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References JANUS: A Comprehensive National Modelling Tool to Support Energy-Emissions Planning in Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Modelling Approach 4 Model Structure and Processes 5 Data and Calibration 6 Using the Model 7 Conclusions References Energy Transition in Morocco and Covid-19 Crisis: Opportunities and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Energy Sector Characteristics 2.1 Energy Consumption 2.2 Electricity 3 Renewable Energy (RE) 3.1 Hydraulic 3.2 Solar 3.3 Wind 4 Energy Efficiency (EE) 4.1 Building Sector 4.1.1 Regionalization Program 4.1.2 Public Lighting 4.1.3 Implementation of the EE Code in the Building 4.1.4 Green Mosques 4.1.5 Solar Water Heaters 4.2 Transport 4.3 Industry 4.4 Agricultural Sector 5 Energy Transition (ET) 5.1 Opportunities 5.2 Perspectives 5.2.1 Hydraulics 5.2.2 Solar 5.2.3 Wind 5.2.4 Electricity 5.3 Challenges 6 Energy Transition (ET) and Covid-19 6.1 Health, Economic, and Social Crises 6.2 Impacts of the Covid-19 Crisis on Energy 6.3 Green and Sustainable Economy in the Service of Healthy and Resilient Future 6.4 Energy Transition in Morocco and Covid-19 7 Conclusion References Climate Change Adaptation Amid COVID-19: Sustainable Transport Guidelines to Mitigate CO2 Emissions, Enhance Livability in Cities, and Attain SDG 7, 11, 12, and 13 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Challenges and Aspects of Sustainable Transport 4 Sustainable Transport 5 Methodology 6 International Successful Case Studies of Sustainable Transportation 7 Applied Case Study – Period and Data 7.1 Transport Sustainable Indicators’ Framework 7.2 Statistics of Different Types of Transport in Developing Countries 7.3 Applying Sustainable Transport Indicators over the Selected Case Study 8 Results and Discussions 8.1 Lessons Learned from the Case Studies 8.2 Recommendations for Better Transport Conditions in Developing Countries 9 Conclusions References Achieving Sustainable Electricity Through Renewable Energy Development in the Gambia: Regulatory and Policy Considerations 1 Introduction 2 The Electricity Outlook in Gambia 3 The Gambian RE Law and Policy 3.1 Energy Policy (2005) 3.2 The Gambia National Development Plan (NDP) 2018–2021 3.3 Renewable Energy Act 2013 3.4 Regulators 4 Regulator, Legal and Policy Issues 4.1 Lack of Regulatory Measures 4.2 Weak Licencing Regime 4.3 Ineffective Regulation 4.4 Lack of Regulatory Assessment 4.5 Investment Risk 4.6 Infrastructure Issues 4.7 Overambitious Policy Goals 5 Conclusion and Recommendations References The Role of Circular Economy in Mitigating Climate Change Impacts: Thermal Insulation Materials’ Assessment in Developing Countries 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 4 Egyptian Buildings with Thermal Insulation Materials 5 Thermal Insulation Is Not Generalized in Egypt 6 Circular Economy 7 Benefits of Applying Circular Economy Concept in Egypt 8 Circular Economy Concept in Agricultural Waste 9 Mapping Egypt’s Leading Crops 10 Results and Discussions 11 Conclusions References Future of Renewable Energy in India 1 Introduction 2 India’s Commitment for Renewable Energy Use 3 Large Provider of Jobs 4 Transition of Renewable Energy Helps in Reducing SO2 Emissions 5 Coal-Fired Power Plants Being Replaced with Renewables 6 Government Interventions 7 Challenges of Solar Cell Manufacturing Industry 8 Finance an Important Element 9 Conclusion Estimation of Daily Direct Solar Radiation for Rabat 1 Introduction 2 Description of Data 2.1 Description of Rabat’s Measurement Station 2.1.1 Rabat Climate Description [6] 2.1.2 Characteristics of the Station [7] 3 Existent Model in Rabat 3.1 The Nfaoui Model [3] 3.2 Khtira’s Model [2] 4 Development of New Hb Estimation Models 5 Validation and Evaluation of Model Performance 6 Results and Discussions 6.1 Validations and Choice of Models 7 Conclusion References Part VI: Energy Meteorogy Darrieus Turbine for Applications in Urban Environments 1 Introduction 2 Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 3 Wind Resource Study in Urban Environment 4 Constructive Considerations for Darrieus Wind Turbines in Urban Environments 5 Combination with Other Energy Sources 6 Conclusions and Recommendations References Part VII: Wind Energy Technology Air Pollution By Fuel and Energy Complex and Prospects for Wind Power Production Development in Belarus 1 Introduction 2 Results and Discussion 3 Prospects for the Development of Wind Energy to Solve Environmental Problems 4 The Economic Benefits of Wind Energy Development: Diversify Energy Resources and Reduce the Cost of Transporting Electricity 5 Institutional Factors of Wind Energy Development 6 Conclusion References Floating Offshore Wind Technology Development: Current State and Future Vision 1 Introduction 2 The Technical Potential for Floating Wind in Major Economies 3 Offshore Wind Turbine Evolution 4 Floating Wind Turbine Technological Advancement 5 Floating Wind Turbine Technical Challenges 6 Existing Floating Wind Farms 7 Future Perspectives of Floating Wind Technology 8 Strategies and Recommendations for Advanced Future Expansion 9 Conclusions References Energy Status and the Importance of Wind Energy Resources in Sri Lanka 1 Introduction 2 Present Energy Status in Sri Lanka 3 Energy Mix 4 Energy Self-sufficiency by 2030 5 Wind Potential in Sri Lanka 6 Cost of Wind Energy in Sri Lanka 7 Conclusion References Wind Power Resources Assessment Under Varying Topography 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data Description 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Long-Term Variation at Three Sites 3.2 Long-Term Annual Variation 3.3 Long-Term Monthly Variation 3.4 Long-Term Diurnal Variation 3.5 Wind Power Generation and Capacity Factor Analysis 4 Conclusions References Development of a Micro Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade for the Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 2.1 Wind Data Analysis 2