Sustainable energy access for communities : rethinking the energy agenda for cities

"This open access book examines the transition to sustainable energy systems in emerging cities. Experts from around the world present case studies from different countries and discuss efforts were needed for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors look into the issue of environment vs. economics and discuss the question of whether the energy transition goal can conflict with other development goals such as decent work and economic growth. Furthermore, innovation in energy transition is introduced, both in technology and citizens’ engagement. The book presents the latest developments on energy access and transition to sustainability throughout the overall value chain: from basic research in universities to documentation of lessons learned in the field. The empirical evidence presented makes this book appealing to scholars in the field of energy sustainability as well as to policy-makers and energy service companies."--Cover page 4 Foreword Strengthening Access to Sustainable Energy for All Acknowledgements About This Book Contents Contributors List of Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Sustainable Energy Access for Sustainable Communities: Introduction by a Social Scientist 1 Unequal Distribution of Access to Energy Worldwide 2 Energy Access for Improving Living Standards 3 APPEAR Supports academia ́s Research on Energy Sustainability Chapter 2: Local Dimensions of Sustainable Energy Governance: Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Discussion of Findings 4 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Can Municipalities Lead the Energy Transition? On Available Policy, Competences and Requirements for Action 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 Survey Site 2.2 Sampling, Data Collection and Processing 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Energy Services 3.2 Supply Options 3.3 Energy Supply and Demand in Local Communities 3.4 Determinants of Energy Efficiency in Local Communities 3.5 Pillars of a Local Transition to Energy Sustainability 4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Local Action for Energy Sustainability: A Review of Policies ́ Impact 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 The New Approach for Local Transition to Energy Sustainability 4 Discussion of Findings 5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Techno-Economic Assessment of Renewable Energy Potential in Cities: Case Studies of Solar Photovoltaic, Waste-to-En... 1 Introduction 1.1 Study Sample City 1.2 Renewable Energy Economic and Technical Potential 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Potential 2.2 Assessment of Waste-to-Energy Potential 2.3 Assessment of Wind Energy Potential 3 Results 3.1 Estimation of Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential 3.2 Estimation of Waste-to-Energy Technical Potential 3.3 Estimation of Wind Energy Technical Potential 3.4 Estimation of the Economic Energy Potential 4 Discussion of Results 4.1 Solar Photovoltaic Potential 4.2 Waste-to-Energy Potential 4.3 Wind Energy Potential 5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Energy Potential of Crop Residues in Senegal: Technology Solutions for Valorization 1 Introduction 2 Potential of Crop Residues in Senegal 3 Pellets Processing 4 Technology Solutions for Valorization of Pellets 4.1 Combustion 4.2 Gasification 4.3 Anaerobic Digestion 5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Democratization of Energy Planning: On a New Planning Tool Tailored to the Needs of Developing Countries 1 Introduction 1.1 Limits of the Approach 1.2 Limits of the Methodology 1.3 Limits of Validity 2 Architecture of Existing Energy System Planning Software 2.1 Modelling Approach 2.2 Assumptions and Data Organizing 3 Architecture of an Innovative Energy Planning Software 3.1 Modelling Approach 3.2 The Entropy Dimension in Modelling Complex Systems 3.3 Capturing the Entropy Value in MoCES 4 The Modelling Energy System Software (MoCES) 4.1 Data Organizing 4.2 Programming Interface 4.3 Data Management and Security 4.4 Reproducibility of Model Outcomes 5 MoCES and Other Energy Planning Software in sub-Saharan Africa 5.1 Planning Energy Systems for Cities in sub-Saharan Africa 5.2 Value Addition of MoCES 6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Hidden Costs of Decarbonizing Utility Generation: Investment on Grid Stability and Contribution of Renewable Energi... 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Discussion of Findings 4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Modelling Sustainable Energy Transition for Cities: Case Studies of LEAP, ENPEP-BALANCE, and MoCES 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System: LEAP (Stockholm Environment Institute, 2020) 2.2 Energy and Power Evaluation Programme: ENPEP-BALANCE (Argonne National Laboratory, 2019) 2.3 Modelling Cities Energy Systems: MoCES (Fall et al., 2020) 2.4 Data Sources 3 Data and Results 3.1 Reference Energy Scenario (RES) 3.1.1 Primary Energy Resources 3.1.2 Energy Conversion 3.1.3 Energy Demand 3.2 Renewables in Electricity Generation (Scenario 2) 3.3 Demand-Side-Management in the Residence Sector (Scenario 3) 4 Discussion of Results 4.1 Reference Energy Scenario (RES) 4.2 Renewables in Electricity Generation (Scenario 2) 4.2.1 Leap 4.2.2 ENPEP-Balance 4.2.3 MoCES 4.3 Demand-Side-Management in the Residence Sector (Scenario 3) 4.3.1 LEAP 4.3.2 ENPEP-Balance 4.3.3 MoCES 5 Conclusion A. Annexes References Chapter 10: Management of Intermittent Solar and Wind Energy Resources: Storage and Grid Stabilization 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Results 4 Discussion of Results 5 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Innovation for the Better: How Renewable Energy Technologies Improve Living Standards 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Results of the Analysis 3.1 Electricity Supply from the Solar Photovoltaic Systems 3.2 Electricity Supply from the Interconnected Grid 4 Discussion of Results 5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Electricity Consumption in Working-Class Districts: Case Studies of Grand-Yoff and Grand-Dakar 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 The Study Area 2.3 Data Analysis 2.3.1 Characteristics of Plugging Appliances 2.3.2 Socio-Economic Parameters of Energy Behaviour 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of the Plugging Appliances 3.1.1 Cold Appliances 3.1.2 TV Sets 3.1.3 Space Cooling Appliances 3.1.4 Lighting Appliances 3.2 Analysis of Electricity Consumption 3.2.1 Total Electricity Consumption Per Annum 3.2.2 Electricity Consumption Per Capita 3.2.3 Impact of Social Parameters in Electricity Consumption 4 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Cookinations: Mechanisms to Decouple Wood Production and Food Preparation in Sub-Urban Areas 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Discussion of Findings 3.1 Energy Demand for Cooking 3.2 Carbon Emissions from Cooking Energy 3.3 Energy Solutions for Clean Cooking in Senegal 3.3.1 Domestic Biogas 3.3.2 Improved Cooking Stoves 4 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Citizen Awareness of the Social Dimension of Energy: Lessons from a Survey in Dakar 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 The Pre-Investigation Phase 2.2 The Investigation Phase 2.3 Post-Survey Phase 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 3.2 Recycling Waste to Energy 3.2.1 Potential Waste per Household (Kg/Year) 3.2.2 Potential of Energy Recovery from Gasification 3.2.3 Potential of Energy Recovery from Incineration 3.3 Non-Quantitative Parameters of Energy Consumption 3.4 Fuel Classification by Attribute 3.4.1 LPG 3.4.2 Charcoal 3.4.3 Electricity 3.5 Fuel Classification by Pollutant 4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Energy in Development Objectives: How the Energy Ecological Footprint Affects Development Indicators? 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 3 Results 4 Discussion of Findings 5 Conclusion References