Sustainable Approaches in Textiles and Fashion: Manufacturing Processes and Chemicals (Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry)

This fourth volume in the series presents various sustainable approaches in the textile and fashion sector with a focus on manufacturing processes and chemicals. Sustainability is one of the important aspects in today’s industrial context, which is followed by every industrial sector with no exception to textiles and fashion. Sustainability and strict adherence to the principles of sustainability has become as one of the essential needs again for any industrial sector including textiles and fashion. There are countless measures in terms of various approaches to make the textiles and fashion sector sustainable. These measures, but not limited to, ranging from innovating and implementing new fibres and raw materials, introducing innovative manufacturing methods, chemicals, processes to focus on all the possible stages of a textile product’s life cycle from cradle to grave. These approaches include making the textiles and fashion sector circular and also development of new products from sustainable raw materials/processes or combination of both. Contents 6 About the Editor 7 Environmental Sustainability Requirements in the Ready-Made Garment Industry 8 1 Introduction 8 2 Sustainability in Bangladesh RMG Industry 9 3 Stringency of Environmental Requirements 10 4 Factors of Stringency 12 4.1 Uncertain Changes in Requirements 12 4.2 Variety in Requirements 13 4.3 Complexity in Implementation 13 4.4 Newness in Environmental Requirements 14 4.5 Timeline 14 4.6 Buyer Specific Framework 15 4.7 Risk of Penalty 15 5 Adopting Stringency 15 5.1 Developing Dynamic Environmental Capability 16 5.2 Building Collaborative Relationships with Buyers 17 6 A Case Study in Bangladesh RMG Industry 19 7 Conclusion 23 References 24 Immobilization as Sustainable Solutions to Textiles Chemical Processing 27 1 Introduction 28 2 Need of Sustainability in Textile Chemical Processing 28 3 Sustainability in Textile Chemical Processing 31 4 Perspectives on Enzymes in Textile Wet Processing 31 5 Enzymes are Sustainable Solution in Textile Chemical Processing 34 6 Need for Enzyme Immobilization 37 7 Fundamentals of Enzyme Immobilization 38 7.1 Support Materials 39 7.2 Techniques of Immobilization 40 7.3 Performance of Immobilized Enzymes 42 8 Immobilization of Enzymes as Sustainable Solutions for Textile Processing 44 9 Application of Immobilized Enzymes in Bio-processing of Textiles 44 9.1 Bio-desizing Using Immobilized Amylases 45 9.2 Bio-scouring Using Immobilized Pectinases 46 9.3 Bio-bleaching Using Immobilized Glucose Oxidase 46 9.4 Bio-polishing Using Immobilized Cellulase 47 9.5 Denim Bio-wash Using Immobilized Cellulase 48 9.6 Shrink-Proofing of Wool Using Immobilized Enzymes 49 9.7 Bleach Clean-up Using Immobilized Catalases 49 9.8 Polymerization Using Immobilized Enzymes 50 9.9 Detergents Containing Immobilized Enzymes 50 9.10 Dye Synthesis Using Immobilized Enzymes 51 10 Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Immobilized Enzymes 52 11 Immobilization of Enzymes for Textile Functionalization 59 12 Enzyme Immobilized Textiles 60 12.1 Enzyme Immobilized Textiles in Wastewater Treatment 62 13 Challenges in the Application of Immobilized Enzymes in the Textile Industry 62 14 Conclusion 67 References 68 Dabu, The Sustainable Resist Printed Fabric of Rajasthan 74 1 Introduction 74 2 Methodology 76 3 Methods and Styles of Printing 77 4 Dabu Hand Block Printing 78 4.1 Procedure 80 4.2 Dabu Prints 80 5 Status of Dabu Print 81 6 Cluster and Community 81 7 Types of Dabu 82 8 Results and Considerations 83 8.1 Equipments and Tools 83 8.2 Ingredients 84 8.3 Fabric 85 9 Printing Method 85 9.1 Application of Dabu on Fabric 88 10 Material 90 11 Motifs 91 12 Product Range 93 13 Maintenance 93 14 Conclusion 93 References 95 Nanoencapsulation Methods for Herbal-Based Antimicrobial Agents—A Sustainable Approach 97 1 Introduction 97 2 Antimicrobial Agents For Textiles 97 3 Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Agents 98 3.1 Neem (Azadirachta Indica) 98 3.2 Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) 99 3.3 Aloe Vera 101 3.4 Pomegranate Peel (Punica Granatum L) 102 3.5 Vitex Negundo (Nochi) 102 3.6 Clitoria Ternatea Linn 104 3.7 Coleus Amboinicus 105 3.8 Gloriosa Superba 105 3.9 Cyperus Rotundus 106 3.10 Pithecellobium Dulce 106 3.11 Acalypha Indica 108 3.12 Other Medicinal Plants 109 4 Application Methods 109 4.1 Direct Methods 109 4.2 Microencapsulation Method 109 4.3 Emulsification–Solvent Removal Processes 110 4.4 Organic Phase Separation (Coacervation) 110 4.5 Spray Drying 110 4.6 Solvent Free Techniques 111 4.7 Supercritical Fluids (SF) 111 4.8 Dry Processes—Milling and Grinding 111 4.9 Nanoencapsulation 111 4.10 Polymerisation Methods 112 4.11 Emulsion Polymerisation Method 112 4.12 Interfacial Polymerization 112 4.13 Interfacial Polycondensation 113 4.14 Nanoparticles from Preformed Polymers 113 4.15 Emulsification/Solvent Evaporation 113 4.16 Solvent Displacement and Interfacial Deposition 113 4.17 Emulsification/Solvent Diffusion 114 4.18 Salting-Out with Synthetic Polymers 114 4.19 Methods for Production of Nanoparticles 114 4.20 Electrochemical Deposition 114 4.21 Sol–Gel Method 115 4.22 Gas-Phase Condensation Methods 115 4.23 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition 115 4.24 Sputtering 116 5 Conclusion 116 References 116 An Overview of Preparation, Processes for Sustainable Denim Manufacturing 122 1 Introduction 123 2 Phases of a Denim Life Cycle 123 2.1 Raw Material Phase 124 2.2 Manufacturing Phase 126 2.3 Consumer Use Phase 130 2.4 Repurposing of Denims 131 2.5 Post-consumer Waste 132 3 Conclusion 133 References 134 Implications of Sustainability on Textile Fibres and Wet Processing, Barriers in Implementation 135 1 Introduction 136 2 Approach to Selection of Sustainable Fibres 137 2.1 Organic Cotton—Is It a Sustainable Option? 138 3 Sustainability in Textile Wet Processing 139 3.1 Introduction to Sustainable Practices in the Colouring Industry 140 3.2 Using Natural Dyes—Is It a Sustainable Option? 140 3.3 Growth of Indian Dyestuff Industry 141 3.4 Implications of Sustainability on Dyeing and Printing Industry 142 4 Textile Finishing—Processes and Implications 145 4.1 Zero Water Finishes on Textiles 146 4.2 Finishes with Reduced Water Consumption 148 5 Technological Innovations 149 6 Reasons Which Inhibit Indian Textile Industries from Embracing Sustainable Processing 149 6.1 Reasons—Why Sustainability is not Main Stream in India? 152 6.2 Suggestions to Make Sustainability Mainstream in Indian Textile Industries 153 7 Summary and Conclusion 154 References 155 Study on Product Safety of Children’s Apparel 159 1 Introduction 159 2 Litreature Review 160 2.1 Requirements for Children's Clothing 161 2.2 Analysis of Children's Clothing 161 2.3 Garment Safety for Children's Clothing 161 2.4 Safety Measures 162 2.5 Fabric and Comfort 162 2.6 Sustainable Dyeing 162 2.7 Sustainable Printing 162 2.8 Natural Dye Printing on Textiles: A Global Sustainable Approach 163 2.9 Supply Chain Strategies and the Effects of the COVID-19 Epidemic 163 3 Materials and Method 163 3.1 Material 163 3.2 Organic Interlock 164 3.3 Double Knit 164 3.4 Specifications for Button 164 3.5 Printing Material 164 3.6 Garment Design 165 3.7 Mock Wood Button 165 4 Methodology 165 4.1 Fibre Analysis 166 4.2 Review of Labelling/Fibre Composition Marking 167 4.3 Colour Fastness to Laundering 167 4.4 Saliva Colour Fastness 168 4.5 PH Value 168 4.6 Free Formaldehyde 168 4.7 Appearance After 3rd Wash 168 4.8 Rubbing Fastness 168 4.9 Safety of Kid’s Clothing—Cords and Draw String on Kids Garment 169 5 Discussion 170 References 171 Extraction and Optimization of Natural Dye from Madhuca Latifolia Plant Bark Used for Coloration of Eri Silk Yarn 172 1 Introduction 173 2 Selection of Materials 174 2.1 Selection of Yarn 174 2.2 Selection of Madhuca Latifolia Dye Source 174 2.3 Selection of Mordents 175 2.4 Selection of Chemicals for Testing 175 2.5 Optimization of Dye Extraction Methods 175 2.6 Optical Density 175 2.7 Selection of Suitable Wavelength 175 2.8 Optimization of Madhuca Latifolia Dye Extraction Time 176 2.9 Optimization of Mordanting Procedures 176 2.10 Optimization of Dyeing Methods 177 3 Results and Discussion 178 3.1 Extraction of Dye from Madhuca Latifolia Bark 178 3.2 Optimization of the Method of Extraction for Madhuca Latifolia 178 3.3 Optimization of Mordant Concentrations for Madhuca Latifolia 178 3.4 Optimization of Dye Extraction Time for Madhuca Latifolia 179 3.5 Optimization of Mordant Concentrations for Madhuca Latifolia 179 3.6 Shade Variation in Madhuca Latifolia Dyed Eri Silk After Mordanting 180 3.7 Optimization of Dyeing Time for Madhuca Latifolia 182 4 Conclusion 182 5 Implications of the Study 182 6 Suggestions for Further Study 183 References 183 Development of Mosquito Repellent Finish for Textiles Using Neem Oil: An Eco-Friendly Approach 184 1 Introduction 184 2 Methodology 186 2.1 Phase I: Preparation of Mosquito Repellent (MR) Formulation and Assessment of Its Shelf Life 187 2.2 Phase II: Application and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Formulation 187 3 Results and Discussion 190 3.1 Preparation of Formulations and Evaluation of Their Shelf Life 190 3.2 Evaluation of the Finished Fabric Samples 190 3.3 Effect of Laundering on Mosquito Repellency of Treated Fabric 193 3.4 Cone Bioassays Test 193 3.5 Effect of Formulation on the Colour of the Treated Fabrics 194 4 Conclusion 195 References 195