Sustainable Approaches in Textiles and Fashion: Circular Economy and Microplastic Pollution (Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry)

This first of this set of books presents the various sustainable approaches in terms of circular economy and micro plastic pollution pertaining to the textiles and fashion supply chain. Sustainability is one of the important aspects in today’s industrial context, which is followed by every industrial sector with no exception to textiles and fashion. Sustainability and strict adherence to the principles of sustainability has become one of the essential needs in industry. There are countless measures in terms of various approaches to make the textiles and fashion sector sustainable. These measures, but not limited to, range from innovating and implementing new fibres and raw materials, introducing innovative manufacturing methods, chemicals, processes to focus on all the possible stages of a textile product’s life cycle from cradle to grave. These approaches include making the textiles and fashion sector circular and also development of new products from sustainable raw materials/processes or combination of both. Contents 6 Editor and Contributors 7 Synthetic Textile and Microplastic Pollution: An Analysis on Environmental and Health Impact 9 1 Introduction 10 2 Ubiquity of Microplastics 12 2.1 Microplastics in Aquatic Environment 12 2.2 Microplastics in Terrestrial Environment 13 2.3 Microplastics in Atmosphere 14 3 Impact of Microplastic Pollution 15 3.1 Microplastics in the Food Chain 15 3.2 Microplastics and Human Health 18 4 Microfibers—Major Source of Microplastics 19 5 Research Status of Microfiber Pollution 21 6 Summary and Research Gap 23 References 23 Enabling Circular Fashion Through Product Life Extension 29 1 Introduction 29 2 Circular Economy 31 3 Circular Fashion 32 4 Product Life Extension 33 4.1 Design for Longevity 34 4.2 Product Service Systems (PSSs) and Collaborative Consumption 35 4.3 Refashioning Models 40 5 Challenges for Adopting Product Life Extension Models 42 6 Conclusion 44 References 45 Challenges and Opportunities for Circular Fashion in India 49 1 Introduction 50 1.1 Need of Circular Fashion 50 1.2 Concept of Circular Fashion 53 2 Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Indian Circular Fashion Sector 58 2.1 Designing 60 2.2 Raw Material 61 2.3 Manufacturing Process 61 2.4 Garment Construction 62 2.5 Packaging and Transportation 63 2.6 Retailing 63 2.7 Consumption and Use 64 2.8 Post-consumer Use 65 3 Conclusion 66 References 67 A Study on the Comparison of Fabric Properties of Recycled and Virgin Polyester Denim 68 1 Literature Review 68 1.1 Denim 68 1.2 History of Denim 69 1.3 Applications of Denim 69 1.4 Different Washes and Types of Denim 69 1.5 Sustainability in Apparel Industry 70 1.6 Sewing Parameters 71 2 Objectives 73 3 Methodology 73 3.1 Selection of Sample 73 3.2 Development of Sample and Its Properties 74 3.3 Testing of Sample 75 3.4 Methods 75 3.5 Seam Elongation 75 3.6 Seam Efficiency 75 4 Results and Discussion 76 4.1 Influence of Needle Size, SPI and Seam Types on Seam Strength of the Denim Fabrics 76 4.2 Effect of SPI, Seam Type and Needle Size on Seam Efficiency of Recycled Polyester and Polyester Denim Fabrics 85 4.3 Effect of SPI, Seam Type and Needle Size on Seam Elongation of Recycled Polyester and Polyester Denim Fabrics 87 4.4 Shrinkage 88 4.5 Colorfastness 88 4.6 Analysis of Comfort in the Produced Garments 88 5 Conclusion 89 References 92 A Look Back at Zero-Waste Fashion Across the Centuries 94 1 Introduction 95 2 Fast Fashion 95 3 Slow Fashion 96 4 Sustainable Fashion 96 5 Sustainable Fashion in History 97 5.1 Before Common Era 97 5.2 Common Era 100 6 Impact on Sustainable Fashion 120 7 Impact of Slow Fashion 121 8 Conclusion 122 References 122 Advancements in Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes: A Sustainable Solution to Achieve a Circular Economy 123 1 Introduction 123 1.1 Current Scenario of Textile Wastes 125 2 PES Textile Waste 127 2.1 Pre-consumer Textile Waste 127 2.2 Post-consumer Textile Waste 128 2.3 Industrial Textile Waste 128 2.4 Downcycling 128 2.5 Upcycling 129 2.6 Recycling and Its Challenges 129 3 Circular Economy: Sustainable Solution for PES Textile Wastes 130 3.1 Open-loop Recycling System 130 3.2 Closed-loop Recycling System 130 3.3 Reduce 131 3.4 Repair/Reuse 131 3.5 Recycle 131 4 Physical or Mechanical Recycling of PES Textile Waste 132 4.1 Textile-to-Fiber 132 4.2 Bottle-to-Fiber 133 5 Recycling and Reuse of PES Textile Waste 134 5.1 Primary Recycling 134 5.2 Secondary Recycling 135 5.3 Tertiary Recycling 135 6 Biological Recycling of PES 139 6.1 Cutinases 139 6.2 Lipases 144 6.3 Esterase 144 6.4 PETase 145 6.5 PHA Depolymerases and Other Polyesterases 145 7 Challenges Ahead 145 8 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 146 References 146 Converting Textile Waste into Designer Wall and Floor Tiles: A New Approach to Recycle Textile Waste 154 1 Introduction 154 2 Materials and Methods 157 2.1 Reinforcement Material and Other Chemicals 157 2.2 Matrix Materials 158 2.3 The Experimental Calculation for Fiber and Matrix Weight Fractions 158 2.4 Preparation of Composite Tile Material 158 2.5 Testing of Tiles 159 3 Results and Discussion 163 3.1 Optimization of Epoxy Resin and Hardener Ratio 163 3.2 Development of Tiles 163 3.3 Mechanical Properties of Tiles Made Out of Denim Fabric Waste, Cornhusk, and Rice Straw Waste with Resin 165 4 Conclusions 167 References 169 Sustainable Development Goal: Sustainable Management and Use of Natural Resources in Textile and Apparel Industry 170 1 Introduction 170 2 Natural Resources—Use and Management 174 2.1 Use of Natural Resources 174 2.2 Natural Resource Management 179 3 Sustainable Agricultural Practices for Reduced Land Eco-Toxicity 180 3.1 Regenerative Farming 180 3.2 Biotechnology in Agriculture 184 3.3 Organic Farming 186 4 Water and Energy Management 187 4.1 Water as a Natural Resource 187 4.2 Water Management 188 4.3 Natural Resource: Energy 190 4.4 Energy Management 192 5 Certification of Sustainable Textile Fibers 194 5.1 Textile Exchange 194 5.2 The Organic Trade Association (OTA) 194 5.3 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) 195 5.4 Global Organic Textile Standard 195 5.5 Organic Farming Certification 197 5.6 The Sustainability Framework of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) 197 5.7 Field to Market: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture 197 5.8 Responsibility-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) 198 6 Green Productivity and Sustainability Reporting 200 6.1 Cleaner Production 200 6.2 Sustainability Reporting 201 6.3 Roadmap for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 203 References 204