Sustainable and Cleaner Technologies for Environmental Remediation : Avenues in Nano and Biotechnology

The ever-increasing population and the associated anthropogenic activities have imparted an adverse impact on the environment, resulting in an escalating pollution crisis and forcing the advancement of sustainable, green, and eco-friendly technologies. There is an expanding and flourishing activity in environmental research, specifically focusing on environmentally responsive approaches to combat xenobiotics, pollutants, and emerging contaminants discharged into the environment due to various anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an approach that can facilitate sustainable practices to mitigate various environmental pollutants. Alternative eco-friendly technologies involving the utilization of various industrial and agricultural residues could be sourced as economically viable sources for harnessing various tools and value-added products during their appliances in environmental remediation. This book focuses on the perception of the existing trends and recent developments in bioremediation and green technology usage in waste minimization, and pollution mitigation has been focused through research and review-type chapters. The encouraging conclusions of these research contributions could be incorporated for commercial-scale appliances on sustainable environmental solutions. This book appeals to scientists, academicians, and research scholars to gain inspiration and guidance for pursuing research on sustainable environmental applications. Contents 1 Catalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol and Organic Dyes Using Silver and Platinum Nanoparticles Synthesized by Plant Extracts 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Materials and Methods 1.2.1 Catalytic Activity in the Sodium Borohydride Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol 1.2.2 Assessment of Catalytic Activity in Reduction of Typical Dyes 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.3.1 Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol 1.3.2 Assessment of Catalytic Activity in Reduction of Typical Organic Dyes 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Biological and Eco-Friendly Cost-Effective Measure for Remediation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Bio-based Technologies 2.3 Phytoremediation—An Overview 2.3.1 Plant Roots in Phytoremediation 2.3.2 Adventitious Roots in Phytoremediation 2.3.3 Hairy Roots in Phytoremediation 2.3.4 Remediation with Microorganisms 2.4 Biochar Mediated Remediation 2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 3 Performance of Lead (Pb) Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Tannery Waste Discharge Site 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methods 3.2.1 Isolation of Screening of Bacterial Isolates from Tannery Effluent 3.2.2 Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Screened Bacterial Isolates 3.2.3 Growth Studies of Screened Bacterial Isolates 3.2.4 Determination of MIC 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Isolation of Screening of Bacterial Isolates from Tannery Effluent 3.3.2 Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Screened Bacterial Isolates 3.4 Growth Studies of Saphylococcus Aureus 3.4.1 Effect of Temperature 3.4.2 Effect of pH 3.4.3 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Characterization of Chlorpyrifos Degrading Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from Contaminated Soil 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Collection of Soil Samples 4.2.2 Isolation of Chlorpyrifos Degrading Bacteria 4.2.3 Identification of CP Degrading Bacteria 4.2.4 Enrichment Technique and Isolation 4.2.5 UV Spectrophotometric Analysis 4.2.6 GC-MS for Determination of Chlorpyrifos Intermediates 4.3 Results and Discussion References 5 Studies on the Effects of Metribuzine on Phormidium and Chroococcus Species 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Cultivation of Cyanobacteria 5.2.2 Herbicide Stock Solution 5.2.3 Herbicide Efficacy 5.2.4 Determination of Chlorophyll a 5.2.5 Carbohydrate Estimation 5.2.6 Protein Estimation 5.2.7 Amino Acid Deduction 5.2.8 Lipid Estimation 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Emerging Methodologies for the Molecular Analysis of Soil Microbiota from Polluted Soil Sites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bioinformatic Analysis 6.3 Community Profiling Techniques and Limitations 6.4 Current Developments in Molecular Ecology of Soil Fungi Profiling 6.5 Popular Approaches 6.6 Isotopic Labeling 6.7 BrdU Labeling 6.8 The Potential of Microarrays in Soil 6.9 High-Throughput Sequencing 6.10 Conclusion References 7 Biodecoloration of Synthetic Reactive Red and Reactive Black Dyes by Using Aspergillus niger and Pleurotus ostreatus 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Sample Collection 7.2.2 Isolation of Fungal Colonies from the Collected Effluent and Samples 7.2.3 Decolourization Studies 7.2.4 Decolorization Studies on the Isolated Fungal Colonies by Using Minimal Media 7.2.5 Optimization of Decolorization of the Synthetic Dyes by Fungal Strains 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Isolation of Fungal Colonies from the Effluent and Soil Samples 7.3.2 Decolorization of the Synthetic Dyes Using the Selected Fungal Cultures 7.3.3 Optimization of the Decolorization Efficiency for the Selected Fungal Strains 7.3.4 Effect of Temperature on the Decolorization Efficiency 7.3.5 Effect of pH on the Decolorization Efficiency 7.3.6 Effect of C:N Ratio on the Decolorization Efficiency 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Feasibility and Performance Evaluation of Mentha Aquatica in Treating Domestic Wastewater 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Method 8.2.1 Sample Collection 8.2.2 Wastewater Analysis 8.2.3 Determination of COD 8.2.4 Determination of BOD 8.2.5 Turbidity Determination 8.2.6 Phosphate Determination 8.2.7 Chlorine Determination 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 BOD and COD 8.3.2 Turbidity 8.3.3 pH Value 8.3.4 Removal Efficacy of Chlorides, Phosphorus and Nitrates 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Screening of Bacterial Isolates from Coal Mining Region in Chhattisgarh 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and Methods 9.2.1 Study Area 9.2.2 Sample Location Area 9.2.3 Sampling Site 9.2.4 Growth Media and Culture Conditions 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 Colony Forming Units (CFU) 9.3.2 Bacterial Isolation 9.3.3 Colony Morphology 9.3.4 Microscopic Examination 9.3.5 Biochemical Assay 9.3.6 16S rRNA Bacterial Sequencing 9.3.7 Phylogenetic Analysis 9.3.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Analysis of Hedychium Flavum Waste Powder as a Potent Heavy Metal Adsorbent 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methods 10.2.1 Materials 10.2.2 Adsorption Experiments 10.2.3 RSM-BBD Experiemntal Design 10.3 Results and Discussions 10.4 Conclusion References 11 Impact of Acinetobacter Baumannii on Dye Degradation and a Molecular Analysis Study 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Material 11.2.2 Sample Collection and Isolation of Dye-Degrading Bacteria 11.2.3 16S rRNA Sequencing and Submission 11.2.4 Decolorization Studies 11.2.5 Immobilization of Potential Isolate 11.2.6 Optimization of Process Variables 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Isolation of Potential Bacteria and Identification 11.3.2 Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design 11.3.3 Model Validation and Experimental Confirmation 11.4 Conclusion References 12 Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Orange M2R Using Green Route Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Optimization Studies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.2.1 Photocatalytic Degradation Confirmation 12.2.2 Preliminary Experiment 12.2.3 Response Surface Methodology for Optimization 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.3.1 Confirmation of Photocatalytic Degradation 12.3.2 Evaluation of Process Parameters by OFAT 12.3.3 Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology 12.3.4 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation by CuO NP`s 12.4 Conclusions References 13 Vermicomposting—An Effective Method for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Impact 13.1 Introduction 13.2 What Is Vermicomposting? 13.3 Classification of Vermicomposting 13.4 Characteristics of Vermicompost 13.5 Sources of Organic Wastes for Vermicomposition 13.6 Role of Earthworms in Vermicomposting 13.7 Basic Environmental Requirements for Earthworms 13.8 Vermicomposting Process 13.9 Impact of Additives, Bulking Agents and Microbes 13.9.1 Effect of Vermicompost on Plant Growth and Development 13.9.2 Advances in Vermicomposting Technology 13.9.3 Small Scale Vermicomposting with Newer Technology 13.9.4 New Technologies for Large-Scale Composting 13.10 Summary References 14 Remediation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Organic Dye Pollutants Through Biosorbents in a Circular Bioeconomy: Prospects and Constraints 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Sources and Effects of EDCs and Organic Dyes in Water 14.3 Characterization and Use of Biomaterials for Organic Pollutant Removal 14.4 Adsorption of EDCs and Dyes Using Bio-based Materials 14.5 Transition to Circular Bioeconomy Through Bio-based Materials 14.6 Conclusion and Future Scope References 15 Role of Non-metallic Fraction Recycled from Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Producing Sustainable Construction Products 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Objectives 15.2 Materials and Methods 15.2.1 Mixture Proportions for Mortar Mixes 15.2.2 Mixture Proportions for Fly-Ash Bricks 15.2.3 Mixture Proportions for Paver Blocks 15.2.4 Testing Procedures 15.2.5 Compressive Strength Testing 15.2.6 Water Absorption Testing 15.2.7 Microstructural Analysis 15.3 Result and Discussion 15.3.1 Compressive Strength Results—Mortar Samples 15.3.2 Compressive Strength—Fly Ash Bricks 15.3.3 Compressive Strength Results—Paver Blocks 15.3.4 Water Absorption Results—Fly Ash Bricks 15.3.5 Water Absorption—Paver Block 15.3.6 Microstructural Analysis—SEM 15.4 Conclusions References 16 Bioconversion of Organic Waste for Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Agriculture—Emphasized Impact of Bioelectromagnetic Energy 16.1 Waste Generation Scenario 16.2 Factors Influencing Municipal Solid Waste Generation 16.3 Present Status of Waste Generation in India 16.3.1 Waste Generation and Disposal Status of Indian Cities 16.4 Problems Caused Due to MSW Mismanagement: Waste Decomposition in Open Dumpsites and Their Impacts 16.4.1 Effect on Health 16.4.2 Effect on the Environment 16.4.3 Effect on Soil 16.5 Municipal Solid Waste Management: Treatment and Practices for Municipal Solid Waste Management 16.5.1 Waste Reduction, Reuse and Recycling 16.5.2 Treatment and Disposal 16.6 Organic Solid Waste Management as Manure 16.7 Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming 16.7.1 Soil Tillage in Sustainable Agriculture 16.7.2 Cover Crops in Sustainable Agriculture 16.7.3 Composts and Animal Manures in Sustainable Agriculture 16.7.4 Crop Rotation in Sustainable Agriculture 16.8 Basics of Bioelectromagnetic Energy and its Practical Application 16.9 Potential of Yogic Farming and Related Research Work 16.9.1 Conclusion References 17 Production of Sustainable Building Products Using Micronized Biomass Silica from Rice Husk 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Objectives 17.2 Materials and Methods 17.2.1 Mixture Proportions for Mortar Mixes 17.2.2 Mixture Proportions for Flyash Bricks 17.2.3 Mixture Proportions for Paver Blocks 17.2.4 Testing Procedures 17.3 Result and Discussions 17.3.1 Compressive Strength Results—Mortar Samples 17.3.2 Compressive Strength Results−Fly Ash Bricks 17.3.3 Compressive Strength Results−Paver Blocks 17.3.4 Water Absorption Results—Fly Ash Bricks 17.3.5 Water Absorption—Paver Block 17.3.6 Micro-structural Analysis—Mortar Mix 17.4 Conclusions References