[Sustainable Agriculture Reviews] Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 44 Volume 44 (Pharmaceutical Technology for Natural Products Delivery Vol. 2 Impact of Nanotechnology) ||

"Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations"--Back cover I. Climate change. Soils and sustainable agriculture: a review; Soils and food sufficiency: a review / Rattan Lal Denitrification at sub-zero temperatures in arable soils: a review / Rebecca L. Phillips Re-thinking the conservation of carbon, water and soil: a different perspective / Thomas Francis Shaxson Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil: a review / Martial Bernoux,...[et al.] Influence of land use on carbon sequestration and erosion in Mexico: a review / J.D. Etchevers,...[et al.] Rhizodeposition of organic C by plant: mechanisms and controls / Christophe Nguyen Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops: a review / Enrico Ceotto Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management / M. Farooq,...[et al.] II. Genetically modified organisms. Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks: a review / Michelle Marvier Coexistence of genetically modified and non-GM crops in the European Union: a review / Yann Devos,...[et al.] Agro-environmental effects due to altered cultivation practices with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and implications for monitoring: a review / F. Graef Bacillus thuringiensis: applications in agriculture and insect resistance management: a review / Vincent Sanchis and Denis Bourguet Genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean in the USA: adoption factors, impacts and prospects: a review / Sylvie Bonny III. Biodiversity. Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions / Shemesh Yair,...[et al.] Identification of traits implicated in the Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads: description of a strategy based on population and model strain studies / Xavier Latour,...[et al.] Progress in mechanisms of mutual effects between plants and the environment / Hong-Bo Shao, Li-Ye Chu, and Biao Li Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas: a review / Boris Clergue,...[et al.] Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models: a review / E. Malézieux,...[et al.] Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems, a review / F. Gresta,...[et al.] Digital imaging information technology applied to seed germination testing: a review / Antonio Dell' Aquila IV. Alternative control. Managing weeds with a dualistic approach of prevention and control: a review / Randy L. Anderson Mechanical destruction of weeds: a review / D. Chicouene Sustainable pest management for cotton production: a review / Jean-Philippe Deguine, Pierre Ferron, and Derek Russell Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review / Christos Dordas Crop protection, biological control, habitat management and integrated farming / Pierre Ferron and Jean-Philippe Deguine Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water: a review / Jean-Guillaume Lacas,...[et al.] V. Alternative fertilisation. Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability: a review / Gilbert C. Sigua Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules: process and signaling: a review / Neera Garg and Geetanjali Factors responsible for nitrate accumulation: a review / Anjana,Shahid Umar, and Muhammad Iqbal Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture, a review / Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, and Parvaze A. Wani Iron and zinc biofortification strategies in dicot plants by intercropping with gramineous species; a review / Y. Zuo and F. Zhang Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modeling point of view / Claude Doussan Loïc Pagès, and Alain Pierret Methods for studying root colonization by introduced beneficial bacteria / Elisa Gamalero,...[et al.] VI. New farming systems. Sustainable urban agriculture in developing countries; a review / Hubert de Bon, Laurent Parrot, and Paule Moustier Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review / J.H.J. Spiertz Conversion to organic farming: a multidimensional research object at the crossroads of agricultural and social sciences: a review / Stéphane Bellon and Claire Lamine Triggering transitions towards sustainable development of the Dutch agricultural sector: transforum's approach / A. Veldkamp,...[et al.] Spatialising crop models / Robert Faivre,...[et al.] Iterative design and evaluation of rule-based cropping systems: methodology and case studies, a review / Philippe Debaeke,...[et al.] Agri-environmental indicators t assess cropping and farming systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Methodological progress in on-farm regional agronomic diagnosis: a review / Thierry Doré,...[et al.] Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: implications for using multi-criteria decisions-aid methods, a review / Walid Sadok,...[et al.] Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review / Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo and Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo Integration of soil structure variations with time and space into models for crop management: a review / J. Roger-Estrade,...[et al.] Management of grazing systems: from decision and biophysical models to principles for action / Michel Duru and Bernard Hubert VII. Pollutants in agrosystems. Cadmium in soils and cereal grains after sewage-sludge application on French soils: a review / Denis Baize Mobility, turnover and storage of pollutants in soils, sediments and waters: achievements and results of the EU project AquaTerra, a review / J.A.C. Barth,...[et al.] / Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc / Gyana Ranjan Rout and Premananda Das Phytoremediation of organic pollutants using mycorrhizal plants: a new aspect of rhizosphere interactions / Erik Jautris Joner and Corinne Leyval. Preface 6 Contents 8 About the Editors 9 Chapter 1: Nanotechnology Applications for Natural Products Delivery 11 1.1 Introduction 12 1.1.1 Nanotechnologies Strategies to Optimize the Clinical Use of Natural Products 13 1.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers 16 1.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 17 1.2.2 Polymeric Micelles 22 1.2.3 Dendrimers 23 1.3 Lipid Nanocarriers 24 1.3.1 Micro and Nanoemulsions 24 1.3.2 Vesicles 31 1.3.3 Nanocochleates 40 1.3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 40 1.3.5 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 45 1.4 Conclusions 50 References 50 Chapter 2: Nanotechnology-Inspired Bionanosystems for Valorization of Natural Origin Extracts 57 2.1 Introduction 58 2.2 Methodology 59 2.3 Medicinal Plants and Nanotechnology 60 2.4 Nanomaterials Used in Combination with Plants Extracts 64 2.4.1 Nanoemulsions 65 2.4.2 Nanosuspensions 65 2.4.3 Nanofibers 66 2.4.4 Nanotubes 66 2.4.5 Nanoparticles 66 2.5 Properties and Applications of Plant-Based Nanomaterials 68 2.5.1 Silver Nanomaterials 70 2.5.2 Gold Nanomaterials 70 2.5.3 Zinc Nanomaterials 71 2.5.4 Iron Nanomaterials 71 2.5.5 Nanofibers 72 2.5.6 Nanoemulsions 72 2.6 Natural Products from Plants Approved for Therapeutic Use 73 2.7 Usage of Curcumin in Nanoparticles for Periodontal Disease Therapy 74 2.8 Conclusion 75 References 76 Chapter 3: Nanocarriers as Tools for Delivery of Nature Derived Compounds and Extracts with Therapeutic Activity 82 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Problems Associated with Natural Compounds 85 3.2.1 Solubility 85 3.2.2 Permeability 85 3.2.3 Stability 86 3.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 86 3.4 Development of Nanocarrier Systems 87 3.5 Nanotechnology in Delivery of Natural Products 89 3.5.1 Resveratrol 91 3.5.2 Artemisinin 93 3.5.3 Thymoquinone 94 3.5.4 Rapamycin 95 3.5.5 Naringenin 96 3.5.6 Silymarin and Silibinin 97 3.5.7 Cyclosporin 98 3.5.8 Berberine 100 3.5.9 Quercetin 102 3.5.10 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 103 3.5.11 Natural Antibiotics 105 3.5.12 Plant Extracts 108 3.6 Challenges 110 3.7 Conclusion 110 References 111 Chapter 4: Nanoemulsions as Optimized Vehicles for Essential Oils 124 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Nanoemulsions: General Aspects 126 4.3 Nanoemulsions: Composition 129 4.3.1 Surfactants 129 4.3.2 Types of Surfactants 132 4.3.3 Oil Phase 137 4.3.4 Essential Oils 138 4.4 Preparation of Nanoemulsions 143 4.4.1 High-Energy Methods 144 4.4.2 Low-Energy Methods 147 4.4.3 Comparison Between Obtention Methods 151 4.5 Stability of Nanoemulsions 153 4.5.1 Instability Phenomena 154 4.6 Characterization of Nanoemulsions 158 4.6.1 Dynamic Light Scattering 158 4.6.2 Zeta Potential 159 4.6.3 Rheological Behavior 160 4.6.4 Conductivity 161 4.6.5 Phase Behavior 162 4.7 Application of Nanoemulsions 163 4.8 Conclusion 165 References 166 Chapter 5: Lipid Nanoarchitectonics for Natural Products Delivery in Cancer Therapy 177 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles 180 5.3 Lipid Nanoarchitectonics 181 5.3.1 Liposomes 182 5.3.2 Lipid Micelles 190 5.3.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 190 5.3.4 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 194 5.4 Conclusion 204 References 204 Chapter 6: Inorganic Particles for Delivering Natural Products 212 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis, Advantages and Toxicity 215 6.2.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 215 6.2.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles 215 6.2.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles 218 6.2.2 Non-Metallic Nanoparticles 220 6.2.2.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 220 6.2.2.2 Silica Nanoparticles 224 6.3 Recent Advances in Inorganic Nanoparticles Mediated Natural Products Delivery 228 6.3.1 Curcumin 228 6.3.2 Taxol or Paclitaxel 232 6.3.3 Trans-Resveratrol 233 6.3.4 Quercetin (3, 5, 7, 3', 4'-Pentahydroxyflavone) 234 6.3.5 Flavonoids 235 6.4 Other Natural Products Delivered Using Inorganic Particles 236 6.5 Conclusion 237 References 237 Chapter 7: Nanotechnology Based Targeting Strategies for the Delivery of Camptothecin 249 7.1 Introduction 250 7.2 Origin of Camptothecin 252 7.3 Mode of Action of Camptothecin 252 7.4 Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) of Camptothecin 256 7.5 Targeted Delivery of Camptothecin 256 7.5.1 Passive Targeting of Camptothecin 266 7.5.2 Active Targeting of Camptothecin 268 7.6 Conclusion 272 References 273

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

This book covers nanotechnology based approaches for improving the therapeutic efficacy of natural products. It critically explores lipid nanoarchitectonics, inorganic particles and nanoemulsion based tools for delivering them. With its chapters from eminent experts working in this discipline, it is ideal for researchers and professionals working in the area.