Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 57 : Animal Biotechnology for Livestock Production 2

This 2nd book provides fundamental concepts and recent applications of biotechnological methods, such as genetic selection, breeding methods and genetic engineering tools. Biotechnology has remarkably improved the productivity of livestock by increasing the reproduction efficiency and decreasing the generation time. The chapters detail the mechanisms of methods for animal reproduction and breeding methods. This book focus on the impact of minerals, steroids metabolic stress, nutritional stress and anti-nutritional factors on the livestock reproduction. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Impact of Sex Steroids on the Stress Response and Welfare in Female Farm Ruminants 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Natural Variation in Sex Steroid Profiles in Female Ruminants 1.2.1 Estrous Cycle 1.2.2 Seasonality 1.2.3 Gestation and Postpartum Anestrus 1.3 Exogenous Hormonal Control of Reproduction in Female Ruminants 1.3.1 Progestagens and Progesterone Treatments 1.3.2 Estrogens 1.4 Stress Response and Welfare 1.4.1 Acute Stress Response 1.4.2 Chronic Stress Response 1.5 Influence Sex Steroids on Stress Response and Animal Welfare 1.5.1 Mechanisms of Action of Progesterone, Progestagens, and Estrogens 1.5.2 Action of Sexual Steroids in the Stress Response in Ruminants 1.6 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Insights from Proteomics in Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Various In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pathophysiology of Kidney Disease 2.3 Molecular Biomarkers of Kidney Diseases 2.4 Proteomics in Kidney Disease 2.5 Experimental Model for Studying Kidney Diseases 2.5.1 In Vitro Models 2.5.1.1 Podocytes and Mesangial Cell Lines 2.5.1.2 Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Lines 2.5.2 In Vivo Rodent Models of Kidney Disease (Non-transgenic) 2.5.2.1 Acute Kidney Injury Models Ischaemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Model Acetaminophen Adriamycin Cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporine A Mercuric Chloride (Hgcl2) 2.5.2.2 Kidney Fibrosis Models Carbon Tetrachloride Vanadate and Folic Acid Nephrectomy and Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Models 2.5.2.3 Chronic Kidney Disease Models Adenine Streptozotocin Deoxycorticosterone Acetate Salt Diet-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Models Lupus and Thy-1 Nephritis Models Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy 2.6 Alternative In Vivo Models for Kidney Injury 2.6.1 Zebrafish Model 2.6.2 Drosophila Model 2.7 Chronic Kidney Disease in Animals 2.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Chapter 3: Generation of Gene Edited Pigs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 History of Gene Editing in Pigs 3.2.1 Gene Editing Before Programmable Endonucleases 3.2.2 Programable Endonucleases 3.3 How to Generate a Gene Edited Pig? 3.3.1 Methodology 3.3.1.1 Editing of Somatic Cells and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Selection, Culture, and Genetic Modification of Donor Cells Oocyte Enucleation and Nuclear Transfer Embryo Culture 3.3.1.2 Editing of Gametes and Embryos CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery by Intracytoplasmic Microinjection CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery by Electroporation 3.3.1.3 Embryo Transfer 3.3.2 How to Detect Mutations? 3.3.2.1 Electrophoresis-Based Techniques 3.3.2.2 Sequencing Techniques 3.3.3 Negative Aspects of Gene Editing 3.3.3.1 Mosaicism 3.3.3.2 Off-Target Mutations 3.3.3.3 Chromosome Aberrations 3.4 Applications of Gene Edited Pigs 3.4.1 Basic Science 3.4.2 Agricultural Production 3.4.2.1 Animal Health 3.4.2.2 Animal Production Improvement 3.4.2.3 Pollution Reduction 3.4.3 Biomedicine 3.4.3.1 Xenotransplantation 3.4.3.2 Bioproducts 3.4.3.3 Models of Human Diseases 3.5 Future Directions 3.5.1 Base Editors 3.5.2 Conditional Models 3.6 Legal and Ethical Regulations 3.7 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Dietary Anti-nutritional Factors and Their Roles in Livestock Nutrition 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Anti-nutritional Factors 4.3 Classification of Anti-nutritional Factors 4.3.1 Direct and Indirect Factors Affect on Protein Digestion and Metabolism 4.3.1.1 Enzyme Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors Amylase Inhibitors 4.3.1.2 Lectins (Haemagglutinins) 4.3.1.3 Tannins 4.3.1.4 Non-protein Amino Acids Mimosine 4.3.2 Factors Interfering with Minerals Utilisation 4.3.2.1 Phytic Acid 4.3.2.2 Gossypol 4.3.2.3 Oxalates 4.3.3 Anti-vitamins 4.3.4 Miscellaneous 4.3.4.1 Cyanogens 4.3.4.2 Saponins 4.3.4.3 Nitrates 4.3.4.4 Alkaloids 4.4 Mechanism of ANFs Toxicity 4.5 Methods of Reducing the Deleterious Effects of ANFs 4.6 Beneficial Effects of Anti-nutritional Factors 4.7 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Genetic Engineering Tools and Techniques in Livestock Production 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Molecular Gene Cloning 5.2.1 Steps in Gene Cloning 5.2.2 Gateway Cloning Technology 5.2.3 Golden Gate Cloning 5.2.4 Expression Systems 5.3 Diagnostics 5.3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction 5.3.2 Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction 5.3.3 Types of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Their Applications 5.4 Vaccines 5.4.1 Recombinant Subunit Vaccines 5.4.2 Virus-Like Particles 5.4.3 Peptide Vaccine 5.4.4 DNA Vaccines 5.4.5 Viral Vectored Vaccines 5.4.6 Marker Vaccine 5.4.7 Self-Replicating Vaccine 5.5 Microarray 5.5.1 Applications of microarrays. 5.6 Marker Assisted Selection in Animal Breeding 5.7 Genome Editors 5.7.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases 5.7.2 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Endonucleases 5.7.3 Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR Associated Protein9 5.7.4 Applications of Genome Editors 5.8 Role of Biotechnology in Animal Nutrition 5.9 Artificial Insemination 5.10 Cloning and Transgenic Animals in Livestock Production 5.10.1 Animal Cloning 5.10.1.1 Types of Animal Cloning 5.10.1.2 Applications of Cloning 5.10.1.3 Limitations of Animal Cloning 5.10.2 Transgenic Livestock. 5.10.2.1 Methods of Transgenesis 5.10.2.2 Applications of Transgenic Animals 5.10.2.3 Limitations of Transgenesis 5.11 Embryo Transfer Technology 5.11.1 Advantages 5.11.2 Disadvantages 5.11.3 Steps of Embryo Transport Technology 5.11.4 Cryopreservation of Embryos 5.12 Sperm Sexing and Embryo Sexing 5.13 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Mineral Ions in Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis 6.3 Macrominerals 6.3.1 Calcium 6.3.2 Phosphorus 6.3.3 Magnesium 6.4 Micro/Trace Minerals 6.4.1 Copper 6.4.2 Zinc 6.4.3 Manganese 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Molecular Insights of Compromised Female Reproduction in Ruminants Under Metabolic and Nutritional Stress 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nutrition and Reproductive Efficiency 7.3 Metabolic Stressors and Oocyte Development and Molecular Approach 7.4 Strategies to Ameliorate the Negative Effect on Reproduction During Metabolic and Nutritional Stress 7.5 Conclusion References Index [Volume 1.] This book reviews concepts and recent advances of biotechnological approaches for livestock production. Indeed, biotechnologies have recently emerged as powerful tools for animal breeding, genetics, production, nutrition, and animal health. Applications to the production of livestock such as cattle, camel, and poultry are detailed. Chapters also present biotechnological applications for diagnostics, animal nutrition, and animal food production