Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 56 : Bioconversion of Food and Agricultural Waste Into Value-added Materials

"Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations"--Back cover Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Efficient Utilization and Bioprocessing of Agro-Industrial Waste 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Generation and Utilization of Agro-Industrial Biomass 1.2.1 Agricultural Residues 1.2.2 Industrial Wastes 1.2.3 Drainage from Agro-Food Industries 1.3 Different Methods Used for Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Waste 1.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation 1.3.2 Composting 1.3.2.1 Composting of Agro-Industrial Waste 1.3.2.2 Various Microbial Community Involved in Carrying out the Composting Process 1.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 1.3.3.1 Completely Stirred Anaerobic Digester 1.3.3.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor 1.3.3.3 Fluidized and Expanded Bed Reactors 1.3.3.4 Anaerobic Filters Reactors 1.4 Recycled Value-Added Products from the Microbial Treatment of Agro-Industrial Waste 1.4.1 Some Important Enzymes from Agro-Industrial Waste 1.4.1.1 Alpha and Beta-Amylase 1.4.1.2 β-Glucanase 1.4.1.3 Cellulase 1.4.1.4 Hemicellulase 1.4.1.5 Xylanase 1.4.1.6 Mannase 1.4.1.7 Pectinase 1.4.1.8 Inulinase 1.4.1.9 Laccase 1.4.1.10 Phytase 1.4.1.11 Invertase 1.4.1.12 Protease 1.4.1.13 Pullulanase 1.4.1.14 Lipase 1.4.2 Bioethanol Production 1.4.3 Biofertilizers 1.4.3.1 Diversity of Microbial Biofertilizers 1.4.3.2 Production of Biofertilizers Using Agro-Industrial Waste 1.5 Potential Outcomes from Microbial Treatment of Agro-Industrial Waste 1.5.1 Greenhouse Gases Emission Reduction 1.5.2 Renewable Source of Energy 1.5.3 Improvement in the Environment and Human Health 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Industrial Apple Pomace as a Bioresource for Food and Agro Industries 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nature 2.2.1 Nutritional Composition 2.2.2 Phytoconstituents 2.2.3 Biocontaminants 2.3 Value Addition of Apple Pomace 2.3.1 Fermentative Utilization 2.3.1.1 Deployment of Apple Pomace as Substrate 2.3.1.2 Animal Feed 2.3.1.3 Biofuel Production 2.3.2 Non-fermentative Utilization 2.3.2.1 Apple Pomace Usage in Food Products 2.3.2.2 Source of Bio-Fungicide in Agriculture 2.3.2.3 Natural Fertilizer 2.3.2.4 Apple Pomace as Adsorbents for Removal of Heavy Metals 2.4 Phytoconstituents in Management of Diabetes 2.4.1 Phloridzin 2.4.2 Phloretin 2.4.3 Epicatechin 2.4.4 Quercetin References Chapter 3: Nano-delivery of Bioactive Constituents from Apple Pomace 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Delivery Approaches for Bioactive Constituents of Apple Pomace 3.2.1 Polymer Based Nano-delivery Systems 3.2.2 Lipid Based Nano-delivery Systems 3.2.3 Inorganic Based Nano-delivery Systems 3.3 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Synthesis and Application of Lignin-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites in Photocatalysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lignin 4.3 Metal Oxides and Their Derived Nanoparticles 4.4 Lignin-Based Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as New Generation Materials 4.5 Synthesis and Applications of Lignin-Based Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis 4.5.1 Lignin-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 4.5.2 Lignin Based Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 4.5.3 Other Lignin-Based Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Valorization of Sitosterol from Agricultural Waste as Therapeutic Agent 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Extraction of Beta-Sitosterol from Agro-Industrial Waste 5.2.1 Techniques for Extraction of Beta-sitosterol from Agro-Industrial Waste 5.3 Chemistry and Pharmacology of Beta-sitosterol 5.3.1 Chemistry of Beta-sitosterol 5.3.2 Pharmacological Activities of Beta-sitosterol 5.3.2.1 Antioxidant 5.3.2.2 Antidiabetic 5.3.2.3 Anti-cancer 5.4 Beta-Sitosterol Delivery Systems 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Exploration of Bioactive Constituents from Abandoned Parts of the Tea Plant 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodology 6.3 Scope and Potential 6.4 Current Use of Tea Plant in Natural Health Products 6.5 Chemical Components of Tea Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits 6.5.1 Volatiles and Fatty Acids 6.5.2 Flavonoids 6.5.3 Catechins 6.5.4 Polysaccharides 6.5.5 Methylxanthines 6.5.6 Saponins 6.5.7 Phenolic Acids 6.5.8 Organic Acids 6.5.9 Chlorophyll and Carotenoids 6.5.10 Amino Acids 6.5.11 Spermidine Derivatives 6.5.12 Vitamins 6.5.13 Minerals 6.6 Biological Activities of Metabolites 6.6.1 Antioxidant Activity 6.6.2 Antimicrobial Activity 6.6.3 Antiviral activity 6.6.4 Anti-COVID Activity 6.6.5 Antiobesity 6.6.6 Antidiabetic Effect 6.6.7 Antihypertensive Effect 6.6.8 Anticancer Activity 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Recycling Nutraceuticals from Agro-Industrial Residues 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Agro-Waste 7.2.1 Valorisation of Agro-Industry Wastes 7.3 Solid State Fermentation 7.3.1 Substrate for Solid State Fermentation 7.3.2 Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes Using Solid State Fermentation 7.3.3 Antioxidant Properties 7.3.4 Antibiotic Production 7.3.5 Oncom Production 7.3.6 Tempeh Production 7.3.7 Enzyme Production 7.3.7.1 Lipases Lipases in Oil Industry Lipases in Bakery Lipases in Dairy Industry Lipases in Other Sectors 7.3.7.2 Amylases Amylases in Bakery Amylases in Brewing Amylases in Other Sectors 7.3.7.3 Hemicellulases Hemicellulases in Bakery Hemicelluloses in Brewing Hemicellulases in Other Sectors Proteases Application of Proteases in Bakery Application of Proteases in Dairy Application of Proteases in Other Sectors 7.3.7.4 Other Enzymes 7.4 Other Application of Solid State Fermentation 7.4.1 Single Cell Protein Production 7.4.2 Manufacturing of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) 7.4.3 Biosurfactant Production 7.4.4 Xanthan Production 7.5 Immobilization of Nutraceuticals 7.6 Food Additives from Plants or Lignocellulosic Biomass 7.7 Food Additives from Lignocellulosic Biomass Produced Biotechnologically 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Extraction of Bioactive Molecules from Food Processing By-Products 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sources of Bioactive Compounds 8.2.1 Bioactive Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables by Products 8.2.2 Bioactive Compounds in Coffee Processing by Products 8.2.3 Bioactive Compound in Tea Processing Byproducts 8.2.4 Bioactive Compound in Egg Processing Byproducts 8.2.5 Bioactive Compound in Meat Processing Byproducts 8.2.6 Bioactive Compound in Dairy Products Processing Byproducts 8.2.7 Bioactive Compound in Cereal Products Processing Byproducts 8.2.8 Bioactive Compound in Nut Processing Byproducts 8.3 Conventional and Non Conventional Extraction Techniques for Biomolecules Extraction 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Plant and Food Waste as a Source of Therapeutic Compounds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Major Group of Phytochemicals 9.2.1 Phenolic Compounds 9.2.2 Alkaloids 9.2.3 Terpenoids 9.3 By Products and Waste of Agricultural Plants and Vegetables 9.3.1 Tomato 9.3.2 Carrot 9.3.3 Onion 9.3.4 Potato 9.3.5 Pumpkin 9.3.6 Corn/Maize 9.3.7 Paddy 9.3.8 Asparagus 9.3.9 Cocoa 9.3.10 Tea and Coffee 9.3.11 Buckwheat 9.4 By Product and Waste of Nuts 9.4.1 Almond 9.4.2 Walnuts 9.4.3 Pistachio 9.4.4 Cashew Nut 9.4.5 Hazelnut 9.4.6 Peanut 9.5 Conclusion References Index I. Climate change. Soils and sustainable agriculture: a review; Soils and food sufficiency: a review / Rattan Lal Denitrification at sub-zero temperatures in arable soils: a review / Rebecca L. Phillips Re-thinking the conservation of carbon, water and soil: a different perspective / Thomas Francis Shaxson Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil: a review / Martial Bernoux,...[et al.] Influence of land use on carbon sequestration and erosion in Mexico: a review / J.D. Etchevers,...[et al.] Rhizodeposition of organic C by plant: mechanisms and controls / Christophe Nguyen Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops: a review / Enrico Ceotto Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management / M. Farooq,...[et al.] II. Genetically modified organisms. Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks: a review / Michelle Marvier Coexistence of genetically modified and non-GM crops in the European Union: a review / Yann Devos,...[et al.] Agro-environmental effects due to altered cultivation practices with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and implications for monitoring: a review / F. Graef Bacillus thuringiensis: applications in agriculture and insect resistance management: a review / Vincent Sanchis and Denis Bourguet Genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean in the USA: adoption factors, impacts and prospects: a review / Sylvie Bonny III. Biodiversity. Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions / Shemesh Yair,...[et al.] Identification of traits implicated in the Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads: description of a strategy based on population and model strain studies / Xavier Latour,...[et al.] Progress in mechanisms of mutual effects between plants and the environment / Hong-Bo Shao, Li-Ye Chu, and Biao Li Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas: a review / Boris Clergue,...[et al.] Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models: a review / E. Malézieux,...[et al.] Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems, a review / F. Gresta,...[et al.] Digital imaging information technology applied to seed germination testing: a review / Antonio Dell' Aquila IV. Alternative control. Managing weeds with a dualistic approach of prevention and control: a review / Randy L. Anderson Mechanical destruction of weeds: a review / D. Chicouene Sustainable pest management for cotton production: a review / Jean-Philippe Deguine, Pierre Ferron, and Derek Russell Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review / Christos Dordas Crop protection, biological control, habitat management and integrated farming / Pierre Ferron and Jean-Philippe Deguine Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water: a review / Jean-Guillaume Lacas,...[et al.] V. Alternative fertilisation. Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability: a review / Gilbert C. Sigua Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules: process and signaling: a review / Neera Garg and Geetanjali Factors responsible for nitrate accumulation: a review / Anjana,Shahid Umar, and Muhammad Iqbal Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture, a review / Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, and Parvaze A. Wani Iron and zinc biofortification strategies in dicot plants by intercropping with gramineous species; a review / Y. Zuo and F. Zhang Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modeling point of view / Claude Doussan Loïc Pagès, and Alain Pierret Methods for studying root colonization by introduced beneficial bacteria / Elisa Gamalero,...[et al.] VI. New farming systems. Sustainable urban agriculture in developing countries; a review / Hubert de Bon, Laurent Parrot, and Paule Moustier Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review / J.H.J. Spiertz Conversion to organic farming: a multidimensional research object at the crossroads of agricultural and social sciences: a review / Stéphane Bellon and Claire Lamine Triggering transitions towards sustainable development of the Dutch agricultural sector: transforum's approach / A. Veldkamp,...[et al.] Spatialising crop models / Robert Faivre,...[et al.] Iterative design and evaluation of rule-based cropping systems: methodology and case studies, a review / Philippe Debaeke,...[et al.] Agri-environmental indicators t assess cropping and farming systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Methodological progress in on-farm regional agronomic diagnosis: a review / Thierry Doré,...[et al.] Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: implications for using multi-criteria decisions-aid methods, a review / Walid Sadok,...[et al.] Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review / Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo and Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo Integration of soil structure variations with time and space into models for crop management: a review / J. Roger-Estrade,...[et al.] Management of grazing systems: from decision and biophysical models to principles for action / Michel Duru and Bernard Hubert VII. Pollutants in agrosystems. Cadmium in soils and cereal grains after sewage-sludge application on French soils: a review / Denis Baize Mobility, turnover and storage of pollutants in soils, sediments and waters: achievements and results of the EU project AquaTerra, a review / J.A.C. Barth,...[et al.] / Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc / Gyana Ranjan Rout and Premananda Das Phytoremediation of organic pollutants using mycorrhizal plants: a new aspect of rhizosphere interactions / Erik Jautris Joner and Corinne Leyval.

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

In the future circular economy all waste will be recycled into fuels, materials and active compounds. In particular, the food and agro-industries produce huge amounts of waste residues, which are actually underexploited and often polluting the environment. This book reviews the sources, extraction, processing and applications of value-added compounds from agro-waste, with a focus on drug delivery, tea, apple pomace, lignin nanocomposites, bioethanol, fertilizers and sitosterol. Food residues provide bioactive molecules, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants, and animal feed.