Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 54 : Animal Biotechnology for Livestock Production 1

"Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations"--Back cover Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Artificial Insemination Program in Cattle 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Artificial Insemination Program: Benefits and Advantages 1.3 Physiology Aspects of the Estrous Cycle in Cattle 1.3.1 Puberty 1.3.2 Neuroendocrine Control of the Estrous Cycle 1.3.3 Estrous Cycle Phases and Estrus Behavior 1.3.4 Events of the Ovarian Follicular Dynamics 1.4 Estrus Synchronization Program 1.4.1 Use of Prostaglandins and Synthetic Analogs 1.4.2 Progesterone and Progestin 1.5 Ovulation Synchronization Program for Timed Artificial Insemination 1.5.1 Synchronization of Follicular Wave Emergence 1.5.2 Control of the Progesteronic phase 1.5.3 Synchronized Induction of Ovulation 1.6 Strategies for Improving Fertility at TAI 1.6.1 TAI in Heifers: Reaching Sexual Maturity and Induction of Puberty 1.6.1.1 TAI in Bos indicus Heifers 1.7 Use of Sexed Semen for AI and TAI 1.8 Resynchronization Program 1.8.1 Estrus Resynchronization 1.8.2 Main Strategies for Ovulation Resynchronization 1.8.3 Success Rate Using Resynchronization 1.9 Dominant Follicle Manipulation During the TAI Protocol 1.9.1 Estrus Expression and Fertility in TAI 1.9.2 Antral Follicle Count and Fertility in TAI 1.10 Considerations References Chapter 2: Reproduction Management and Artificial Insemination in Dromedary Camel 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Reproduction and Genetic Improvement of Dromedary Camels 2.3 Reproductive Cycle of Female Camels 2.4 Camel Herd Reproductive Performance Evaluation 2.4.1 Data Collection for Reproduction Analysis 2.4.2 Reproduction Indicators of Camel Herds 2.4.2.1 Calving Interval (CI) 2.4.2.2 Calving-Oestrus Interval (COI) 2.4.2.3 The Annual Herd Fertility AF (Pregnancy Rate) 2.4.2.4 Female Camel’s Calving Interval Objective and Threshold 2.5 Reproduction Control in Dromedary Camel 2.5.1 Photoperiodic Control 2.5.2 Male Effect 2.5.3 Flush Feeding 2.5.4 Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration of the Follicle 2.5.5 Exogenous Melatonin Based Protocols 2.5.6 Exogenous Progesterone Based Protocols 2.5.7 Prostaglandin and Human Chorionic Based Protocols 2.5.8 GnRH-Based Protocols 2.6 Artificial Insemination 2.6.1 Definition 2.6.2 Importance of Artificial Insemination in Camels 2.6.3 Semen Collection 2.6.4 Initial Sperm Examination 2.6.4.1 Macroscopic Examinations Volume Appearance and Consistency 2.6.4.2 Microscopic Examination of Semen Concentration Massal Motility Individual Mobility Morphological Examination 2.6.5 Sperm Dilution and Conservation 2.6.5.1 Fresh Semen Dilution 2.6.5.2 Short Term Preservation 2.6.5.3 Long Term Preservation 2.6.6 Sperm Thawing 2.6.7 Insemination Technique 2.6.8 Factors Affecting Fertility After AI 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Biotechnological Advancements in Livestock Production 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biological Methods in Animal Breeding 3.2.1 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) 3.2.2 Artificial Insemination (AI) 3.2.3 Embryo Transfer (ET) 3.2.4 Embryonic Stem Cell Technology (ESC) 3.2.5 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) 3.2.6 In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) 3.3 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for Livestock Production 3.3.1 Molecular Markers for MAS 3.3.2 Properties of an Ideal Marker 3.3.3 Marker Types 3.3.4 Designing the MAS Program 3.3.5 Application of MAS 3.3.6 Advantages and Limitation of MAS 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Applications of Stem cells Technology in Livestock Production 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stem cell Types and Their Identification 4.3 Application of Stem cells in Livestock 4.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 4.4.1 MSC Immune Modulation and Antimicrobial Properties 4.4.2 MSC Migration and Homing 4.5 Transplantation Modes and Theraputic Applications of Stem Cells 4.5.1 Bone, Cartilage and Ligament Injuries 4.5.2 Degenerative Diseases 4.5.3 Inflammatory Diseases 4.5.4 Animal Models for Human Diseases 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Metabolomics and Proteomics Signatures in Feed-Efficient Beef and Dairy Cattle 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metabolomic Signature in Feed-Efficient Cattle 5.3 Proteomics Signature in Feed-Efficient Cattle 5.4 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Biotechnological Applications in Dairy Products and Safety 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Historical Perspective 6.3 Dairy Products 6.3.1 Cheese 6.3.1.1 Production and Processing 6.3.1.2 Packaging 6.3.1.3 Food Safety 6.3.2 Paneer 6.3.2.1 Production and Processing 6.3.2.2 Packaging 6.3.2.3 Food Safety 6.3.3 Yogurt 6.3.3.1 Production and Processing 6.3.3.2 Genetic improvement of starter cultures Traditional approaches Molecular Approaches 6.3.4 Buttermilk 6.3.4.1 Production and Processing 6.3.4.2 Food Safety 6.3.5 Milk 6.3.5.1 Extending Shelf Life (ESL) Milk Reducing bacterial count Bactofugation Microfiltration Preventing Re-introduction of Bacteria Preservation Pasteurization High-Temperature Short Time (HTST) Method Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) Vat or Batch Pasteurization Solar Milk Pasteurization Chemical Treatment Proper Packaging Novel Preservation Technologies Ultrasound Technology Irradiation Technology Ohmic Heating 6.3.6 Infant Formulas 6.4 Biotechnology in Food Diagnosis and Safety 6.5 Challenges in Application of Technologies in the Food Industry 6.5.1 Food safety 6.5.2 Food Allergies and Intolerances 6.5.3 Food preservation 6.5.4 Nutritional Loss 6.5.5 Better Understanding of Nutrients 6.5.6 Potential of Non-conventional Technologies 6.6 Socioeconomic Constraints and Potential Ways to Overcome Them 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: On-Farm Point-of-Care Diagnostic Technologies for Monitoring Health, Welfare, and Performance in Livestock Production Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of an Ideal Point-of-Care and On-Farm Diagnostic Technologies 7.3 Categories of Point-of-Care and On-Farm Diagnostic Technologies 7.4 Molecular Diagnostic Technologies for Monitoring Animal Health and Disease 7.5 Electrochemical Point-of-Care Biosensor Technology 7.6 On-Farm Diagnostic Technologies 7.6.1 On-Farm Video Surveillance and Digital Images Analysis Technologies 7.6.2 On-Farm Audio Surveillance Systems for Sound Detection 7.6.3 On-Farm Accelerometers and Pedometer for Walking and Standing Behavior Monitoring 7.6.4 On-Farm Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for Position Monitoring 7.6.5 On-Farm Automatic Milking Robot System for Monitoring Leg Health 7.6.6 On-Farm Automated Feeder for Monitoring Feeding Behavior 7.6.7 On-Farm Physical Inspection for Monitoring Health and Stress-Related Disorders 7.6.8 On-Farm Monitoring Change in Core Body Temperature 7.7 The Future Direction and Challenges of On-Farm and Point-of-Care Diagnostic Technologies 7.8 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 8: Biotechnological Applications in Poultry Farming 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Historical Perspectives 8.3 Biotechnology in Poultry Industry Through Genetics and Genomics 8.3.1 Impact on Broiler (Meat Type Poultry) Production 8.3.2 Impact on Egg (Layer Type Poultry) Production 8.3.3 Biotechnology in Poultry Breeding 8.3.3.1 Selection Process Development of Specialized Lines Through Pure-Line Breeding Egg Type Poultry (Layer) Meat Type Poultry (Broiler) Evaluation of Breeding Program Under Particular Climatic Conditions Artificial Insemination and Cryopreservation 8.3.3.2 Molecular Techniques Used in Poultry Production QTL Classification and Genome Wide Scans Candidate Gene Technique High-Density SNP Genotyping for Whole-Genome Confirmation 8.4 Biotechnology in Poultry Feed and Nutrition 8.4.1 Probiotics and Prebiotic 8.4.1.1 Impact on Intestinal Microbiota and Intestinal Morphology 8.4.1.2 Impact of Probiotics on Immune Status 8.4.1.3 Impact on Improve Water Quality and Improve Microbial Balance 8.5 Biotechnology in Poultry Vaccine and Biologics 8.5.1 Reverse Genetics 8.5.2 Recombinant Vector Technologies 8.6 Biotechnology in Disease Diagnosis 8.6.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 8.6.2 Bioinformatics to Diseases Diagnosis 8.7 Biotechnology Application in Food Processing 8.7.1 Increase Food Production 8.7.2 Enhance Nutritional Parameters 8.7.2.1 Fermentation Process to Food Processing 8.7.3 Increase Shelf Life of Food 8.7.4 Enhance Organoleptic Characteristics of Food 8.8 Biotechnology and Food Safety 8.8.1 Biotechnology Critics Get Priority to Food Safety 8.8.2 Food Safety Measures in Poultry Production 8.8.2.1 Protect Poultry Flock with Good Biosecurity 8.8.2.2 Good Animal Husbandry (GAH) Practices 8.8.2.3 Good Personal Hygiene (GPH) Practices 8.8.2.4 Poultry Waste Management 8.8.2.5 Biotechnology Directs Food Safety 8.9 Constraints and Limitations 8.9.1 Animal Welfare and Ethical Issues 8.9.2 Lack of Available Data Like Traceability, Risk Assessment of Animal Biotechnological Foods 8.9.3 Lack of Consciousness Among the Mass People 8.9.4 Legal Consideration and Government Inspections 8.9.5 Lack of Resources 8.10 Conclusion References Index I. Climate change. Soils and sustainable agriculture: a review; Soils and food sufficiency: a review / Rattan Lal Denitrification at sub-zero temperatures in arable soils: a review / Rebecca L. Phillips Re-thinking the conservation of carbon, water and soil: a different perspective / Thomas Francis Shaxson Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil: a review / Martial Bernoux,...[et al.] Influence of land use on carbon sequestration and erosion in Mexico: a review / J.D. Etchevers,...[et al.] Rhizodeposition of organic C by plant: mechanisms and controls / Christophe Nguyen Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops: a review / Enrico Ceotto Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management / M. Farooq,...[et al.] II. Genetically modified organisms. Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks: a review / Michelle Marvier Coexistence of genetically modified and non-GM crops in the European Union: a review / Yann Devos,...[et al.] Agro-environmental effects due to altered cultivation practices with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and implications for monitoring: a review / F. Graef Bacillus thuringiensis: applications in agriculture and insect resistance management: a review / Vincent Sanchis and Denis Bourguet Genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean in the USA: adoption factors, impacts and prospects: a review / Sylvie Bonny III. Biodiversity. Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions / Shemesh Yair,...[et al.] Identification of traits implicated in the Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads: description of a strategy based on population and model strain studies / Xavier Latour,...[et al.] Progress in mechanisms of mutual effects between plants and the environment / Hong-Bo Shao, Li-Ye Chu, and Biao Li Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas: a review / Boris Clergue,...[et al.] Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models: a review / E. Malézieux,...[et al.] Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems, a review / F. Gresta,...[et al.] Digital imaging information technology applied to seed germination testing: a review / Antonio Dell' Aquila IV. Alternative control. Managing weeds with a dualistic approach of prevention and control: a review / Randy L. Anderson Mechanical destruction of weeds: a review / D. Chicouene Sustainable pest management for cotton production: a review / Jean-Philippe Deguine, Pierre Ferron, and Derek Russell Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review / Christos Dordas Crop protection, biological control, habitat management and integrated farming / Pierre Ferron and Jean-Philippe Deguine Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water: a review / Jean-Guillaume Lacas,...[et al.] V. Alternative fertilisation. Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability: a review / Gilbert C. Sigua Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules: process and signaling: a review / Neera Garg and Geetanjali Factors responsible for nitrate accumulation: a review / Anjana,Shahid Umar, and Muhammad Iqbal Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture, a review / Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, and Parvaze A. Wani Iron and zinc biofortification strategies in dicot plants by intercropping with gramineous species; a review / Y. Zuo and F. Zhang Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modeling point of view / Claude Doussan Loïc Pagès, and Alain Pierret Methods for studying root colonization by introduced beneficial bacteria / Elisa Gamalero,...[et al.] VI. New farming systems. Sustainable urban agriculture in developing countries; a review / Hubert de Bon, Laurent Parrot, and Paule Moustier Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review / J.H.J. Spiertz Conversion to organic farming: a multidimensional research object at the crossroads of agricultural and social sciences: a review / Stéphane Bellon and Claire Lamine Triggering transitions towards sustainable development of the Dutch agricultural sector: transforum's approach / A. Veldkamp,...[et al.] Spatialising crop models / Robert Faivre,...[et al.] Iterative design and evaluation of rule-based cropping systems: methodology and case studies, a review / Philippe Debaeke,...[et al.] Agri-environmental indicators t assess cropping and farming systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Methodological progress in on-farm regional agronomic diagnosis: a review / Thierry Doré,...[et al.] Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: implications for using multi-criteria decisions-aid methods, a review / Walid Sadok,...[et al.] Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review / Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo and Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo Integration of soil structure variations with time and space into models for crop management: a review / J. Roger-Estrade,...[et al.] Management of grazing systems: from decision and biophysical models to principles for action / Michel Duru and Bernard Hubert VII. Pollutants in agrosystems. Cadmium in soils and cereal grains after sewage-sludge application on French soils: a review / Denis Baize Mobility, turnover and storage of pollutants in soils, sediments and waters: achievements and results of the EU project AquaTerra, a review / J.A.C. Barth,...[et al.] / Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc / Gyana Ranjan Rout and Premananda Das Phytoremediation of organic pollutants using mycorrhizal plants: a new aspect of rhizosphere interactions / Erik Jautris Joner and Corinne Leyval.

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

[Volume 1.] This book reviews concepts and recent advances of biotechnological approaches for livestock production. Indeed, biotechnologies have recently emerged as powerful tools for animal breeding, genetics, production, nutrition, and animal health. Applications to the production of livestock such as cattle, camel, and poultry are detailed. Chapters also present biotechnological applications for diagnostics, animal nutrition, and animal food production