Sustainable agriculture reviews. 53, Nanoparticles : a new tool to enhance stress tolerance

"Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations"--Back cover Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Role of Quantum Dots, Polymeric NPs and Dendrimers in Emphasizing Crops Tolerate Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Background 1.1.2 Definition 1.2 Properties of Quantum Dots (QDs) 1.2.1 Optical Characteristics of Quantum Dots (QDs) 1.2.2 Effect of Core-Shell Materials on Quantum Dots (QDs) Bioactivity 1.2.3 Electrical Characteristics of Quantum Dots (QDs) 1.3 Synthesis and Characterization 1.3.1 Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) 1.3.2 Characterization 1.3.3 Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots Synthesis and Characterization (CdSe QDs) 1.4 Application for Plant Stress Tolerance 1.4.1 A Biotic Stress 1.4.2 Biotic Stress 1.5 Toxicity 1.6 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 2: Climate Change Mitigation and Nanotechnology: An Overview 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 What Is the Definition of Nano-Technology? 2.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Major Abiotic Stresses 2.2.1 Nanoparticles Impact on Abiotic Stresses in the Plants 2.3 Potential Role of Nanotechnology to Confer Biotic Stress Tolerance in the Plants 2.3.1 Uptake, Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles 2.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Mitigating Biotic Stress 2.4.1 Concept of Green Nanotechnology in Biotic stress Management 2.4.2 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles under Biotic Stress 2.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Nanoparticles As a New Promising Tool to Increase Plant Immunity Against Abiotic Stress 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synthesis, Types and Properties of Nanoparticles 3.3 Nanoparticle Uptake, Mobilization, and Accumulation in Plants 3.4 Nanoparticles’ Effects on Plants 3.4.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Growth and Bio-Productivity 3.4.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesis and Plant Water Relations 3.4.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Antioxidant Machinery 3.4.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Phytohormones 3.5 Nanoparticles Increase Plant Immunity to Abiotic Stress 3.5.1 The Effect of Nanoparticles on Salt-Stressed Plants 3.5.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles on Drought-Stressed Plants 3.5.3 The Effect of Nanoparticles on Heat-Stressed Plants 3.5.4 The Effect of Nanoparticles on Plants Exposed to Heavy Metal Stress 3.6 Nanoparticles as Genome Editors 3.7 Are Nanoparticles Safe? 3.7.1 Nanoparticle’s Toxicity 3.7.2 What Makes Some Nanoparticles More Toxic Than Others? 3.7.3 Nanoparticles’ Toxicity in Plants 3.7.3.1 Nanoparticles Can Be Stress Elicitors As Well As Stress Mitigators 3.7.3.2 Nanoparticles and Genotoxicity in Plants 3.7.4 Risks of Nanoparticles on Humans, Soil, and Environment 3.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 4: Exploring Nanotechnology to Reduce Stress: Mechanism of Nanomaterial-Mediated Alleviation 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Cascade of Signaling Behind Plant-NPs Interaction and Stress Tolerance 4.2 Nanoparticles and Abiotic Stress Resistance 4.2.1 Salinity Stress 4.2.2 Drought Stress 4.2.3 Temperature Stress 4.2.3.1 Heat Stress 4.2.3.2 Cold Stress 4.2.4 Heavy Metals Stress 4.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 5: Alleviation Mechanism of Drought Stress in Plants Using Metal Nanoparticles – A Perspective Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Drought as Limiting Factor for Crop Production 5.3 Nanotechnology as Drought Resistant Technique 5.3.1 Mechanism Involved 5.3.2 Role of Nanoparticles 5.4 Plant Adaptations to Drought Stress 5.4.1 Role of Phenotypic Flexibility to Cope Drought and Related Role of Nanoparticles 5.4.2 Physiological Mechanisms 5.4.3 Role of Cell Membrane Stability 5.4.4 Molecular Mechanisms 5.5 Metal nanoparticles and Drought Resistance 5.5.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 5.5.2 Iron Oxide (FeO) Nanoparticles 5.5.3 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 5.5.4 Silicon Oxide (SiO2) Nanoparticles 5.5.5 Selenium Oxide (SeO3) Nanoparticles 5.5.6 Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticles 5.5.7 Copper Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles 5.6 Methods of applications of nanoparticles for Drought Resistance 5.6.1 Nanoparticles Pretreatment of Seeds or Seed Priming 5.6.2 Nanoparticles as Foliar Spray 5.6.3 Soil application of Nanoparticles 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Role of Various Nanoparticles in Countering Heavy Metal, Salt, and Drought Stress in Plants 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heavy Metal/Metalloid Stress 6.3 Salt Stress 6.4 Drought Stress 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Mode of Action and Signaling of Nanoparticles to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Plant Response During Abiotic Stress 7.3 Abiotic Stresses and Mode of Nanoparticles Action 7.3.1 Salt Stress 7.3.2 Drought Stress 7.3.3 Heat Stress 7.3.4 Chilling Stress 7.3.5 Heavy metal Stress 7.4 Nanoparticles Signalling During Abiotic Stress 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Impact of Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle-Coated Biomolecules to Ameliorate Salinity Stress in Plants with Special Reference to Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Mechanism of Action 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Importance of Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle-Coated Biomolecules in Plants 8.3 Nanoparticles: Types and Synthesis 8.4 Microorganisms for Nanoparticles Synthesis 8.5 Steps Involved in the Microorganisms-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 8.6 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants 8.7 Application of Nanoparticles in Salt Stress Management 8.8 Role of Nano-Encapsulation in Mitigating Salinity Stress 8.9 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles to Ameliorate Salt Stress 8.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 9: Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: An Overview 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physiological Impacts of Carbon Nanotubes on Plants 9.2.1 Effects of CNT on Seed Germination 9.2.2 Photosynthetic Rate Effects 9.3 Impact of Carbon Nanotubes on ROS and Antioxidant System of the Plants 9.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Drought Stress 9.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Salinity Stress 9.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Other Abiotic Stresses 9.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 10: Responses of Crop Plants Under Nanoparticles Supply in Alleviating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Modulation of Gene Expression by Nanoparticle Supply 10.3 Effect of Nanoparticles Under Biotic Stress Conditions 10.4 Alleviative Effect of Different Nanoparticles Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Nanotechnological Approaches for Efficient Delivery of Plant Ingredients 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Importance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 11.1.2 Uptake and Translocation System 11.1.2.1 Plants’ Nanoparticle Uptake Mechanisms 11.1.3 Barriers of Plant Delivery System 11.2 Nano-Based for Ingredients Delivery 11.2.1 Nutrients 11.2.2 Micronutrients 11.2.3 Immune promoters 11.2.4 Hormones 11.3 Silica-Based Nanosystem for Gene Delivery 11.3.1 Surface Modification of Mesoporous Silica Nano particulates for Gene Delivery 11.3.1.1 Amination alteration 11.3.1.2 Metal Cations 11.3.1.3 Cationic Polymers 11.3.1.4 Magnetic Silica Nanosphere for Gene Delivery 11.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Delivery 11.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Plant Biotechnology 11.3.4 Micro RNA Delivery in Crop Protection 11.4 Nano Based for Fertilizers Delivery 11.4.1 Nano fertilizer 11.4.2 Nano Fertiliser Formulations 11.4.2.1 Chemical-Based Nano Fertilizers Formulations 11.4.2.2 Biological Based Nano Biofertilizers Formulations 11.4.3 Nano Fertilizer Uptake, Translocation and Fate in Plants 11.4.4 Nano-Fertilizers for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance 11.4.5 Nanofertilizers Limitations 11.5 Nano-Based for Pesticides Delivery 11.5.1 Polymer-Based Encapsulation 11.5.1.1 Nanocapsules 11.5.1.2 Nanospheres 11.5.1.3 Micelles 11.5.1.4 Nanogels 11.5.2 Lipid NMS-based encapsulation 11.5.2.1 Nanoliposomes 11.5.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 11.5.3 Clay NMS-based Encapsulation 11.5.3.1 Clay Nanomaterials 11.5.3.2 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) 11.5.4 Others Encapsulation (Starch—etc) 11.6 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 12: Enhancement of Stress Tolerance of Crop Plants by ZnO Nanoparticles 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles’ Properties on Biological Interaction in Soils and Colloids 12.3 Multiple Effects of Exposure Pathways 12.3.1 Seed Application 12.3.2 Soil Application 12.3.3 Foliar Application 12.3.4 Effect of Applied Nanoparticle Concentration and Soil Properties 12.4 Amelioration of Stress by ZnO NP 12.4.1 Biotic Stress 12.4.1.1 Herbivores 12.4.1.2 Pathogens 12.4.2 Abiotic Stress 12.4.2.1 Heavy Metals 12.4.2.2 Heat 12.4.2.3 Cold 12.4.2.4 Drought 12.4.2.5 Flooding 12.4.2.6 Salts 12.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Chapter 13: Effects of Nanoparticles on Alleviating Phytotoxicity of Soil Heavy Metals: Potential for Enhancing Phytoremediation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Effect of NPs on Alleviating the Toxicity of HMs 13.2.1 Decreasing the Metal Bioavailability 13.2.2 Influencing the Formation of Apoplastic Barriers 13.2.3 Production of Protective Agents 13.2.4 Activation of the Antioxidant Defense System 13.3 Concept of Nano-enhanced Phytoremediation 13.3.1 Nanoparticles-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals 13.3.2 Mechanisms Involved in the Nano-enhanced Phytoremediation 13.3.2.1 Improvement of the Plant Physiological Functions 13.3.2.2 Direct Removal of HMs by NPs 13.3.2.3 Intensification in the Phytoavailability of HMs 13.3.3 Ideal Characteristics of Plant for Nano-enhanced Phytoremediation 13.3.4 Suitable NPs for Enhancing Phytoremediation 13.4 Challenges and Recommendations 13.5 Summery References Chapter 14: Bio-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach for Augmentation of Plant Growth and Pathogen Control 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Classification of NPs 14.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles 14.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 14.2.2.1 Metal Based 14.2.2.2 Metal oxides Based 14.2.3 Carbon Based 14.3 Characterization Techniques of Nanoparticles 14.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 14.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 14.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 14.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) 14.3.5 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry 14.4 Synthesis of AgNPs 14.4.1 Physical Approaches 14.4.2 Chemical Approaches 14.4.3 Biological Approaches 14.5 Factors Influencing Silver nanoparticle Synthesis 14.5.1 Production Approaches of Silver Nanoparticles 14.5.2 Temperature 14.5.3 pH 14.5.4 Time 14.5.5 Size and Shape 14.6 Use of Silver Nanoparticles in Agriculture 14.6.1 Nano-Fertilizers 14.6.2 Nano-Pesticides 14.6.3 Disease Control and Pest-Management 14.7 Antibacterial Mechanism of AgNP’s 14.8 Abiotic Stress Reduction 14.9 Mode of Action of AgNPs for Plant Growth and Disease Control 14.10 AgNPs Uptake and Translocation in Plants 14.11 Phytotoxicity of Ag + Nanoparticles 14.12 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Nano-Proteomics of Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Environmental Exposure of NPs and Interactions with Plants 15.2 Proteomic Technology Adapted by Plant Sciences 15.3 Plant Proteomics Under Nanoparticle Stress 15.3.1 Ag NPs 15.3.2 Aluminum 15.3.3 Iron NPs 15.3.4 Zinc and ZnO NPs 15.3.5 Other NPs 15.4 NPs Uptake and Mode of Action Under Stressed Conditions 15.5 Future Perspectives References Chapter 16: Role of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Regulation of Plant Physiology Under Abiotic Stress 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Chitosan and Its Nanoparticles 16.3 Chitosan Mechanism of Action 16.4 Signaling Mediated by Chitosan 16.5 Chitosan in Plant Growth and Development 16.6 Chitosan Nanoparticlesin Abiotic Stress 16.6.1 Salinity Stress 16.6.2 Drought Stress 16.6.3 Heavy Metal Stress 16.6.4 Temperature Stress 16.7 Mechanistic Approach of Chitosan Nanoparticle in Mitigating Abiotic Stress 16.8 Chitosan Toxicity 16.9 Conclusions and Future Prospective References Index I. Climate change. Soils and sustainable agriculture: a review; Soils and food sufficiency: a review / Rattan Lal Denitrification at sub-zero temperatures in arable soils: a review / Rebecca L. Phillips Re-thinking the conservation of carbon, water and soil: a different perspective / Thomas Francis Shaxson Cropping systems, carbon sequestration and erosion in Brazil: a review / Martial Bernoux,...[et al.] Influence of land use on carbon sequestration and erosion in Mexico: a review / J.D. Etchevers,...[et al.] Rhizodeposition of organic C by plant: mechanisms and controls / Christophe Nguyen Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops: a review / Enrico Ceotto Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management / M. Farooq,...[et al.] II. Genetically modified organisms. Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks: a review / Michelle Marvier Coexistence of genetically modified and non-GM crops in the European Union: a review / Yann Devos,...[et al.] Agro-environmental effects due to altered cultivation practices with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and implications for monitoring: a review / F. Graef Bacillus thuringiensis: applications in agriculture and insect resistance management: a review / Vincent Sanchis and Denis Bourguet Genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean in the USA: adoption factors, impacts and prospects: a review / Sylvie Bonny III. Biodiversity. Small eats big: ecology and diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms, and their dynamics in predator-prey interactions / Shemesh Yair,...[et al.] Identification of traits implicated in the Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads: description of a strategy based on population and model strain studies / Xavier Latour,...[et al.] Progress in mechanisms of mutual effects between plants and the environment / Hong-Bo Shao, Li-Ye Chu, and Biao Li Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas: a review / Boris Clergue,...[et al.] Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models: a review / E. Malézieux,...[et al.] Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems, a review / F. Gresta,...[et al.] Digital imaging information technology applied to seed germination testing: a review / Antonio Dell' Aquila IV. Alternative control. Managing weeds with a dualistic approach of prevention and control: a review / Randy L. Anderson Mechanical destruction of weeds: a review / D. Chicouene Sustainable pest management for cotton production: a review / Jean-Philippe Deguine, Pierre Ferron, and Derek Russell Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review / Christos Dordas Crop protection, biological control, habitat management and integrated farming / Pierre Ferron and Jean-Philippe Deguine Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water: a review / Jean-Guillaume Lacas,...[et al.] V. Alternative fertilisation. Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability: a review / Gilbert C. Sigua Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules: process and signaling: a review / Neera Garg and Geetanjali Factors responsible for nitrate accumulation: a review / Anjana,Shahid Umar, and Muhammad Iqbal Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture, a review / Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, and Parvaze A. Wani Iron and zinc biofortification strategies in dicot plants by intercropping with gramineous species; a review / Y. Zuo and F. Zhang Soil exploration and resource acquisition by plant roots: an architectural and modeling point of view / Claude Doussan Loïc Pagès, and Alain Pierret Methods for studying root colonization by introduced beneficial bacteria / Elisa Gamalero,...[et al.] VI. New farming systems. Sustainable urban agriculture in developing countries; a review / Hubert de Bon, Laurent Parrot, and Paule Moustier Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review / J.H.J. Spiertz Conversion to organic farming: a multidimensional research object at the crossroads of agricultural and social sciences: a review / Stéphane Bellon and Claire Lamine Triggering transitions towards sustainable development of the Dutch agricultural sector: transforum's approach / A. Veldkamp,...[et al.] Spatialising crop models / Robert Faivre,...[et al.] Iterative design and evaluation of rule-based cropping systems: methodology and case studies, a review / Philippe Debaeke,...[et al.] Agri-environmental indicators t assess cropping and farming systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Methodological progress in on-farm regional agronomic diagnosis: a review / Thierry Doré,...[et al.] Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: implications for using multi-criteria decisions-aid methods, a review / Walid Sadok,...[et al.] Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems: a review / Christian Bockstaller,...[et al.] Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review / Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo and Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo Integration of soil structure variations with time and space into models for crop management: a review / J. Roger-Estrade,...[et al.] Management of grazing systems: from decision and biophysical models to principles for action / Michel Duru and Bernard Hubert VII. Pollutants in agrosystems. Cadmium in soils and cereal grains after sewage-sludge application on French soils: a review / Denis Baize Mobility, turnover and storage of pollutants in soils, sediments and waters: achievements and results of the EU project AquaTerra, a review / J.A.C. Barth,...[et al.] / Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc / Gyana Ranjan Rout and Premananda Das Phytoremediation of organic pollutants using mycorrhizal plants: a new aspect of rhizosphere interactions / Erik Jautris Joner and Corinne Leyval. Nanoscience and nanotechnology imply the study of nanoparticles with at least one dimension below 100 nm with potential for application in a variety of sectors, including in agriculture, therapeutics, diagnostics, engineering, food industry and safety, environmental remediation, and energy infrastructure. This book presents recent developments involving the role of nanoparticles on stress tolerance. In particular, nanoparticles have the potential to provide effective solutions to the multiple agriculture-related problems. Nanoparticles present enhanced reactivity and thus better effectiveness when compared to their bulkier counterparts due to their higher surface-to-volume ratio. In addition, nanoparticles offer the potential to leverage unique surface chemistry as compared to traditional approaches, such that they can be functionalized or grafted with functional groups that can target specific molecules of interest for efficient remediation. Recent findings on the increased use of nanoparticles in agriculture by densely populated countries such as China and India, indicate that this technology may impart a substantial impact on tolerance against stresses, malnutrition, and crop loss. Stresses represent the main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Yield losses in agriculture will be potentiated in the future by global warming, increasing contamination, and reduced availability of fertile land. The challenge of the present and future agriculture is to increase the food supply for a continuously growing human population under environmental conditions that are deteriorating in many areas of the world. This book addresses these issues and many more. Chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects of nanoparticle impacts on plant tolerance against stresses and may serve as baseline information for future research through which significant development is possible. This book will be useful to researchers, instructors and students both in universities and research institutes, especially in relation to biological and agricultural sciences.

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Starving people in poor nations, obesity in rich nations, increasing food prices, on-going climate changes, increasing fuel and transportation costs, flaws of the global market, worldwide pesticide pollution, pest adaptation and resistance, loss of soil fertility and organic carbon, soil erosion, decreasing biodiversity, desertification, and so on. Despite unprecedented advances in sciences allowing to visit planets and disclose subatomic particles, serious terrestrial issues about food show clearly that conventional agriculture is not suited any longer to feed humans and to preserve ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is an alternative for solving fundamental and applied issues related to food production in an ecological way. While conventional agriculture is driven almost solely by productivity and profit, sustainable agriculture integrates biological, chemical, physical, ecological, economic and social sciences in a comprehensive way to develop new farming practices that are safe and do not degrade our environment. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical and narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. As most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.