Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security (World Sustainability Series)

This book describes initiatives and concrete examples on sustainable food production worldwide. In the current world scenario, where nations all over the world are struggling to accomplish the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and to ensure sustainable patterns for all, this book provides a contribution towards a more comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of the cross-cutting issues related to Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security. This interdisciplinary book supports the efforts to engage a commitment from all fields of science, to work together to provide knowledge that could help to address SDG2 (No hunger) and lead to the promotion of quality of life, by means of a more sustainable food production, and improved food security. This book is expected to fill the gap of publications in this field. It gives a special emphasis to a state-of-the-art descriptions of approaches, methods, initiatives and projects from universities, stakeholders, organizations and civil society across the world, regarding cross-cutting issues in sustainable food production. It includes examples of policies and practices case studies, examples of projects, institutional policies, innovative methods and tools and research outputs, which highlight the interdependence between sustainable agriculture and food security issues. It is expected that the “Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security” will make the many benefits of sustainable food production clearer and, inter alia, lead to an increase in the emphasis provided to this central theme. Preface Contents Supporting Sustainable Agriculture The Concept of Sustainable Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Empirical Evidence 2.1 Theory and Principles of Agricultural Sustainability 2.2 The Need to Be Agriculturally Sustainable 2.3 The Way Forward 3 Conclusion References Agriculture-Food Nexus. The Paradox of Sustainable Development in Mexico 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Approach 3 Results 3.1 Dietary Patterns 3.2 Trends in Food Production 3.3 Proposals Regional Food-Production Systems 4 Future Research Needs 5 Conclusions References Prosocial Partnerships – A Scalable Pathway to Sustainable Agricultural Development 1 Introduction 2 The Eight Prosocial Core Design Principles 3 Methods 4 Case Selection: Pueblo Arboles, Costa Rica 5 Centro Sustentable 6 Results Principle One: Shared Identity and Purpose 7 Principle Two: Equitable Distribution of Contributions and Benefits 8 Principle Three: Inclusive Decision Making 9 Principle Four: Monitoring Agreed Behaviors 10 Principle Five: Graduated Responding to Helpful and Unhelpful Behavior 11 Principle Six: Fast and Fair Conflict Resolution 12 Principle Seven: Authority to Self-Govern 13 Principle Eight: Collaborative Relations with Other Groups 14 Discussion 15 Proposed Model for Co-operative Sustainable Agricultural Development 16 The Prosocial Co-operative Design Framework 17 Conclusion References Towards Sustainable Agriculture in Serbia: Empirical Insights from a Spatial Planning Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Climate Adaptive Agriculture: A Smallholders Case Study of the Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Data Collection 2.1 Study Site 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 3 Results of the Study and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Metrological Data (Precipitation and Temperature) at Four Districts of Kafa Zone 3.2 Farmers’ Perception on Climate Change 3.3 Climate Adaptation of Agriculture for Food Security 4 Conclusions References Differentiated Intra-Household Food Utilisation in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Site 2.2 Study Design 3 Results and Discussion 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Indigenous Pokkali Farming in Kerala: A Sustainable Social-Ecological Model 1 Introduction 2 Origin and History of Pokkali Farming in Kerala 3 Social-Ecological System Dynamics in Pokkali Farming 4 Pokkali Farming Systems—Techniques and Strategies 5 Agri-aqua Integration 6 Water Management 7 Organic Weed and Pest Management 8 Application of Indigenous Knowledge 9 Institutional Management in Pokkali Cultivation 10 The Social Relevance of Pokkali Farming 11 Rural Livelihood 12 Food Security 13 The Economic Value of Pokkali Cultivation 14 Ecological Relevance of Pokkali Fields 15 Water Security and Flood Control 16 Biodiversity 17 Climate Adaptability 18 Evolving Challenges to Pokkali Farming System 19 Conclusion References Agricultural Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies by Farmers to Climate Change in South-Western Coastal Bangladesh 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Rainfall and Land Data 2.3 Socioeconomic Data and Adaptation Methods 2.4 Multiple Logistic Regression (MLRM) Model 3 Results 3.1 Rainfall and Land Use Changes 3.2 Socioeconomic Data Summary 3.3 Strategies for Adaptation to Changing Climate 3.4 The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors in Adaptation 4 Discussion About Adaptation 5 Conclusions References A Proposed Methodology to Map Soil Moisture in Support of Farm-Level Decision Making Under Changing Climatic Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Image Compilation and Preprocessing 3 Results and Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References The Role of Integrated Organic Cycle Farming in Tropical Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Food Production 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Development 3.2 Agroforestry for Sustainable Food Security 3.3 Integrated Bio-Cycle in Agroforestry 4 Conclusion References Intensification of Agroforestry Systems in Community Forests to Increase Land Productivity and Sustainable Food Sovereignty 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Environmental Engineering for Increasing Crop Productivity 3.2 Integrated Crop Management 3.3 Maintenance of Plantation 3.4 Fertilization 3.5 Pruning 3.6 Thinning 4 Conclusions References Sustainable Development of Agriculture: Modeling and Management to Ensure Food Security 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Materials and Method 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Fostering Food Security Drought Tolerant Maize in Africa: A Novel Technology Fostering Regional Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Organization of the Chapter 2 Food Security Concept and Global Trends 2.1 Food Security: A Conceptual Framework 2.2 Global Food Security: Recent Trends and Developments 3 The State of Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 3.1 Food Security in SSA: Emerging Trends and Challenges 3.2 Factors Contributing to Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa 4 Fostering Food Security Framework in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Emergence of Drought Tolerant Maize in Africa 4.1 Preamble 4.2 The State of Maize Production Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa 4.3 The Emergence of Drought Tolerant Maize in Africa 4.4 Dispersion of Drought Tolerant Maize in Africa: Progress and Prospects 5 Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion 5.1 Summary 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Conclusion References Climate-Smart Agriculture Approaches and Concepts for Food Systems Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Realities and Myths 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Data and Analysis 2.2 Contextualizing CSA in SSA 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Practices (Some) Promoted as CSA in SSA 3.2 Limitations to CSA Implementation in SSA 4 Which Lessons for Sustainability? 5 How Can CSA Reduce Women’s Vulnerabilities and Improve Priorities and Needs? 6 Conclusion References The Dynamics of Promoting Youth Participation in Smallholder Agriculture for Sustainable Food Security in Lupane District, Zimbabwe 1 Introduction 1.1 Study Setting and Methods 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Factors Affecting Youth Participation in Agriculture 2.2 Livelihood Activities Pursued by Youths Outside Smallholder Agriculture 3 Conclusion and Recommendations References Association of Sustainable Food Security with Climatic and Non-climatic Factors in Gujarat State of India: A District-Wise Panel Data Investigation 1 Introduction 2 Research Method and Material 2.1 Brief Discussion on Study Area 2.2 Data Source 2.3 Adopted Technique for Index Estimation 3 Empirical Analysis 3.1 Development of Food Security Index (FSI) 3.2 Adoption of Regression Models for Assessing the Impact of Climatic and Non-climatic Factors on Food Security Index 3.3 Finalization of Suitable Regression Model 4 Empirical Results 4.1 Cross Comparison of Districts in Food Security and Its Components 4.2 Regression Coefficients of FSI with Climatic and Non-climatic Factors 5 Results and Discussion 6 Concluding Remark and Policy Implications References Integrating Lean Concepts in Smallholder Farming to Catalyze Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security in Trinidad, WI 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Literature Review 3.1 A Global Perspective 4 Smallholders Farmers 4.1 Challenges to Implement Lean 5 Trends in Trinidad 5.1 Land Distribution 5.2 Marketing Support (NAMDEVCO) 5.3 Financial Support (ADB) 6 Ro-Crops Model Farm 6.1 Background 6.2 Land Tenure and Succession 6.3 Ro-Crops Core Business 6.4 Ro-Crops Accomplishments 6.5 Ro-Crops Development 7 Conclusions References Reducing Food Loss in Kenya for a Sustainable Food Future 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Analysis 2.2 Results and Discussion 3 Drivers of Food Loss 3.1 Climate Change 3.2 Nature 3.3 Human Activity 3.4 Policy 4 Impact of Food Loss 5 Strategies in Use for Mitigating Food Loss in Kenya 5.1 Innovative Technology Applications 5.2 Cold Storage 5.3 Mobile-Based Applications 5.4 On-Farm Technologies 5.5 Packaging Technology 5.6 Value Addition 6 Conclusions and Recommendations References Zimbabwe’s Pfumvudza Agriculture Programme—Reality or Rhetoric? 1 Introduction 2 Conservation Agriculture as the Predecessor of Pfumvudza 3 What is Pfumvudza? 4 Characteristics of a Pfumvudza Plot 5 The Actor-Network Theory (ANT) 6 Methodology 7 Muzarabani—A Brief 8 Results and Discussion 8.1 Pfumvudza Networks 8.2 Socio-Economic Benefits of Pfumvudza 9 Uplifting the Status of Women in the Pfumvudza Programme 10 Environmental Benefits of Pfumvudza 11 Barriers to the Adoption of Pfumvudza 12 Conclusion and Recommendations/Policy Implications 12.1 Conclusion 12.2 Recommendations/Policy Implications References Livelihood Diversification and Household Food Security in Selected Agrarian Settings of Western Zimbabwe 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Study Location 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Motivation for Livelihood Diversification 3.2 Climate Change Affects the Livelihood Patterns Pursued by the Land Reform Beneficiaries 3.3 The Contribution of Livelihoods Diversification to Household Food Security 4 Conclusion and Recommendations References Holes in the Policy Net: An Analysis of Sustainable Food Production in Artisanal Fishing Communities and Policy Challenges to Ensure Long-Term Food Security in Sofala Bank, Mozambique 1 Introduction: Setting the Scene 2 Case Study Background and Methodology 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Types of Fishing Net in Use 6 Knowledge of the Law 7 Fishing Activity During the Enclosure Period 8 Discussion 9 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Cooperate to Transform? Regional Cooperation in Community Supported Agriculture as a Driver of Resilient Local Food Systems 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Research Design 3.1 Data and Methods 4 Analytical Framework 5 Results 5.1 Vertical Cooperation 5.2 Horizontal Cooperation 5.3 Agricultural Service Providers (ASPs) 6 Discussion 6.1 Effects of Regional Cooperation 6.2 CSA Cooperation Outside Germany 6.3 Limitations 7 Conclusion References Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Advances in Research and the Role of Governance in Latin American 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Analysis of Scientific Articles 3.1 Relationship and Impacts of Sustainable Agriculture on Food Security in Latin America 3.2 Latin American Food Security Context 3.3 Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security and the Role of Governance in Latin American Countries 3.4 Sustainable Development Goals: The Relationship of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Meeting the Targets 4 Conclusion References Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Qatar: International Threats and Local Constraints 1 Introduction 2 Food Security and Self-Sufficiency in Qatar: A Critical Political Issue 3 Food Production in Qatar: Natural Constraints and Structural Challenges 4 Food Security in Qatar: Limitations and Drawbacks of Import-Based Food Policies 5 Qatar’s Food Security and the 2017 Blockade 6 Discussion and Conclusion: Toward a Productive and Sustainable Local Food Production in Qatar References Agri-Food Sustainability and Food Security in Egypt 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) with View at Promoting Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Sustainable Agriculture 3 Community Supported Agriculture—CSA 4 CSA and Sustainable Agriculture 5 Methods 6 Results and Discussion 7 The Governance of CSAs 8 Empowerment and the Benefits of CSA for Farmers 9 The CSA Structure and Partners 10 Conclusions References Reducing the Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in Senegal 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of the Concept 1.2 Vulnerability and Resilience 1.3 Agricultural Production and Food Security 2 Methods 2.1 Characterization of Resilience States 2.2 Developing the Impact Framework 2.3 Impact Characterisation 2.4 Spectrum of n-order Impacts to Determine dn 2.5 Climate Change Scenarios 2.6 Impact Baselines 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The R-risk Vector 3.2 Temperature Increase 3.3 Drought 3.4 Locust Outbreaks 4 Assessment of the Impacts of R on Agriculture 4.1 Impact Spectra 4.2 Impact Chain Length (p = 6) 5 Impact Families 6 Socio-economic Impact Chains 7 Conclusion References Determinants of Food Access in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Conceptualising Food Security 3 Methodology 3.1 Description of Study Location and Data Collection 3.2 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Descriptive Statistics 4.2 Food Security Conditions and Access Status of Households 4.3 The Determinants of Food Insecurity in Mavuso 5 Conclusion References Coping Strategies and Determinants of Food Availability Amid Climate Change in Rural Communities of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Framework: Sustainable Livelihood Approach 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Sampling Process 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Data Analysis 3.4 Measuring Food Availability 3.5 Factors Influencing Food Availability 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 General Overview of Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents 4.2 Household Food Availability Statuses 4.3 Experiences of Climate Change-Induced Shocks by the Surveyed Households 4.4 Coping Strategies 4.5 Determinants of Food Availability at the Household Level in Rural Communities 5 Conclusions References The Interconnectedness of Food Availability, Utilisation and Access from Sustainable Home-Gardens in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Site 2.2 Study Design 2.3 Analytical Framework 3 Results 3.1 Descriptive Statistics 3.2 Empirical Results 3.3 Home-Garden Sustainability Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Limitation and Areas of Further Study References Food Security in a Floodplain Country—Case of Bangladesh 1 Introduction 2 Floodplain Context 3 Production in Floodplain Regime 4 Future Production Regimes 5 Potential with Nature-Based Solution (NbS) in Floodplains 5.1 Potential of Rice Production 5.2 Potential of Fish Production 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References The Role of Tropical Forests to Support Food Sovereignty Owing to the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Food Sovereignty and the COVID-19 Pandemic 3.2 Forest and Agriculture in Food Sovereignty 3.3 The Role of Tropical Forests for Food Sovereignty During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Conclusions References Climate Change and Food Security in Pakistan 1 Introduction 2 Historical Climate Metrics and Projections 2.1 Metrics 2.2 Projections 3 Climate Changes and Its Impacts 4 Methodology 5 Discussions 5.1 Vulnerabilities of Pakistan to Climate Change 5.2 Climate Change and Food Security 5.3 Droughts 5.4 Other Significant Climate Change Impacts in Pakistan 5.5 Health Impacts 5.6 Miscellaneous Effects 6 Climate Action 7 Conclusions References