Sustainability of Water Resources: Impacts and Management (Water Science and Technology Library, 116)

This book covers a wide spectrum of water resources management, including water supply and demand, operation and maintenance of water distribution systems, water quality assessment, impacts of climate change on hydrological extremes, and water governance. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are the major factors contributing to a significant rise in water demands across all the sectors in India. Although the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall contributes primarily to the available surface and groundwater resources, recurrent non-uniform/erratic rainfall events have resulted in widespread water scarcity. On many occasions, extreme meteorological conditions trigger the severity of water-related disasters such as floods and droughts. The untreated wastewater from domestic and industrial sources discharged through un-engineered means, adds to the issue as it ends up polluting the surface and groundwater resources. Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Water Resources Management 1 Water: How Secure Are We Under Climate Change? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Water Security 1.3 Water Supply and Demand 1.3.1 Water Availability 1.3.2 Water Demand and Use 1.4 Global Water Situation 1.5 Causes of Water Scarcity 1.5.1 Demography 1.5.2 Climate Change 1.6 Ameliorating Water Scarcity 1.7 Key Issues and Challenges 1.8 Conclusions References 2 Influence of Stemflow Measurement on Interception Estimation Under Eucalyptus Plantations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Description of the Study Area and Plantations Characteristics 2.2.2 Throughfall Measurements 2.2.3 Stemflow Measurement 2.2.4 Estimation of Interception Loss 2.2.5 Results and Discussion 2.2.6 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and SF: Rainfall Partitioning in Relation to Incident Rainfall (R) 2.2.7 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and a Fixed Value of SF (i.e., I5, I7.5 and I10 for 5, 7.5 and 10% of Incident Rainfall Respectively) 2.2.8 Conclusions References 3 Strategic Human Resources in Water Sources Development 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methodology 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Water Budget Monitoring of the Ganga River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area and Methodology 4.2.1 Study Area 4.2.2 Data Sources 4.2.3 Methodology 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Evaluation of SWAT Model for Simulating the Water Balance Components for the Dudh Koshi River Basin in Nepal 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methodology 5.2.1 Study Area 5.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 5.2.3 SWAT Model Setup 5.3 Results and Discussions 5.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 5.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation 5.3.3 Simulated and Observed Discharge at Rabuwa Bazaar Outlet 5.3.4 Water Balance Study of the Basin 5.4 Conclusion 5.5 Recommendations References 6 Rejuvenating Water Wisdom: A Route to Resilience 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Rainfall Variability 6.3 Water Resources Potential in the River Basins of India 6.4 Per Capita Water Availability in India 6.5 Challenges in Water Sector 6.6 Causes of the Water Crisis in India 6.7 Climate Resilient Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities 6.8 Traditional Water Conservation: The Promising Potential 6.9 Cooperation Continuum a Solution 6.10 Cessation Remarks References 7 Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Network: A Case Study of Bole and Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Reliability Parameters and Assessment Methods 7.2.1 Mechanical Reliability 7.2.2 Hydraulic Reliability 7.2.3 Water Quality Reliability 7.3 Reliability Analysis of Case Study Network 7.3.1 Case Study 7.3.2 Modeling and Simulation of WDN 7.3.3 Reliability Assessment 7.3.4 Water Quality Reliability 7.4 Results and Discussion 7.4.1 Water Source and Demand 7.4.2 Water Distribution Network Modeling 7.4.3 Simulation of Water Distribution Network 7.4.4 Reliability Assessment 7.5 Conclusion References 8 HEC-HMS and Geo-HMS Based Flood Hazard Modeling of an Industrial Complex 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Study Area 8.3 Materials and Method 8.4 Model Inputs 8.5 Calibration of HEC-HMS Model Parameters 8.6 Result and Discussion 8.7 Sensitivity Analysis of the Calibrated Parameters 8.8 Sensitivity Analysis of Lag Time 8.9 Sensitivity Analysis of Imperviousness 8.10 Sensitivity Analysis of Curve Number 8.11 Conclusion References 9 A Stochastic Model-Based Monthly Rainfall Prediction Over a Large River Basin 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study Area and Data 9.3 Methodology 9.4 Results and Discussion 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Study of Meteorological Drought Using Standardized Precipitation Index in Chaliyar River Basin, Southwest India 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Study Area 10.3 Materials and Methods 10.3.1 Description of Data Used 10.3.2 Drought Characterization 10.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 10.3.4 SPI Computation Algorithm 10.4 Results and Discussion 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Estimation of the Function of a Paddy Field for Reduction of Flood Risk 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Method and Materials 11.2.1 Field Scale Study 11.2.2 Basin Scale Modeling 11.2.3 Data Obtained for Simulation 11.3 Result and Discussion 11.3.1 Field Scale Study 11.3.2 Basin Scale Study 11.4 Concluding Remarks References Part II Water Quality Management 12 Environmental Tracers in the Identification of the Groundwater Salinity—Case Studies from Northwest India 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.2.1 Study Area 12.2.2 Sampling and Analysis 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.3.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 12.3.2 Environmental Tracers 12.4 Conclusion References 13 A Regional Case Study for Flow of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Through Solid Waste Management System 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Objective and Scope 13.2 Literature Review 13.2.1 Material Flow Analysis 13.2.2 Material Flow Analysis on Lead 13.2.3 Material Flow Analysis on Chromium 13.3 Material and Methods 13.3.1 Study Area 13.3.2 Data Collection 13.3.3 Scenarios for Analysis 13.3.4 Estimations for Material Flow Analysis 13.4 Results and Discussion 13.5 Conclusions and Recommendations References 14 Performance Analysis of Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent Under Cold Climatic Conditions in Hamirpur (H.P.), India 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Materials and Methods 14.2.1 Study Area 14.2.2 Selection of Macrophytes 14.2.3 Selection of Substrate Material 14.2.4 Design and Construction of the Experimental Set-Up 14.2.5 Operation of the Experimental System 14.2.6 Sampling and Analytical Analysis 14.2.7 Plant Growth 14.2.8 Modelling and Statistical Analyses 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.3.1 Plant Growth 14.3.2 Measurement of pH, DO, TDS and EC 14.3.3 Removal of Pollutants 14.3.4 Result of Modelling and Statistical Analysis 14.4 Conclusion and Recommendations References 15 Exploring Challenges in Effective Wastewater Treatment for Dairy Industries 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.2.1 Sources of Wastewater in Dairy Industry 15.2.2 Literature Review 15.3 Results 15.3.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bioreactor (UASB)/Upflow Anaerobic Packed Bed Bioreactor (UAPB) 15.3.2 Use of Antibiotics in Animals and Its Impact on Human Health 15.4 Discussion 15.5 Conclusion References 16 Impacts of Agriculture-Based Contaminants on Groundwater Quality 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Agro-Chemicals Used in Crop Cultivation 16.3 Fertilizers Used for Crop Cultivation 16.4 Pesticide Used for Crop Cultivation 16.5 Herbicide Used for Crop Cultivation 16.6 Insecticides Used for Crop Cultivation 16.7 Fungicide Used for Crop Cultivation 16.8 Agrochemicals and Their Impacts on Groundwater 16.9 Remedial Measures 16.10 Conclusion References Part III Irrigation Management 17 Assessment of Productivity Based Efficiencies for Optimal Utilization of Water Resources in a Command 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials and Methodology 17.2.1 Crop Water Use Index (CWUI) 17.2.2 Irrigation Water Use Index (IWUI) 17.2.3 Economic Water Use Index (EWUI) 17.2.4 Gross Production Water Use Index (GPWUI) 17.2.5 Irrigation Economic Water Use Index (IEWUI) 17.2.6 Estimation of Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) 17.2.7 Factors Affecting Seepage Rates from Canals 17.2.8 Estimation of Seepage Losses from the Canal 17.2.9 Estimation of Irrigation Water Applied 17.3 Results and Discussion 17.3.1 Yield and Its Components 17.3.2 Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) 17.3.3 Water Use Efficiencies 17.4 Conclusion References 18 Two-Components Flow Regulating Drip Emitter—Design, Simulation and Optimization 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methodology 18.2.1 Theoretical Considerations 18.2.2 Hydraulic Design of Emitter 18.2.3 Parameters for Emitter Design 18.2.4 Mathematical Models 18.3 Results 18.4 Summary and Conclusions References 19 An Automated Wireless Irrigation System: Without Internet Connectivity 19.1 Introduction 19.2 HAM Radio 19.2.1 HAM Radio for Data Communication 19.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of HAM Radio Data Communication 19.2.3 HAM Radio for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication 19.2.4 Working Principle 19.2.5 WiMax 19.2.6 Working Principle 19.3 Advantages and Limitations of WiMAX 19.4 WiMAX for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication 19.5 Working Principle 19.6 Conclusion References 20 IoT Based Automated Irrigation Management Technique for Climate Smart Agriculture 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Importance of Water in Agriculture 20.3 Irrigation Techniques 20.4 Background of IoT Technology in the Field of Agriculture and Recent Developments 20.5 Methodology 20.5.1 Different Sensors Used in Irrigation Systems 20.5.2 IoT Gateway Nodes for Irrigation System 20.5.3 Wireless Communication Technologies 20.5.4 Middleware 20.5.5 The Actuator of the Irrigation System 20.5.6 Common Architecture Design for IoT-Based Automated Irrigation 20.5.7 Proposed IoT-Based Automatic Irrigation System 20.6 Discussion 20.7 Conclusion References Part IV Impact of Climate Change 21 Sustaining Water Sources Under Climate Change—A Regional Scale Approach 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Study Area Details 21.3 Data Used 21.4 LULC Change Analysis 21.5 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model 21.6 Simulation Methodology 21.7 Results and Discussion 21.7.1 Model Calibration and Validation 21.7.2 Impact of Climate Change (CC) 21.7.3 Impact of LULC Change (LULCC) 21.7.4 Combined Change Impacts 21.8 Conclusions References 22 Diagnosing the Combined Impact of Climate and Land Use Land Cover Changes on the Streamflow in a Mountainous Watershed 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Methodology 22.2.1 Study Area 22.2.2 Data 22.2.3 Pre-Processing of Climate Data 22.3 Results and Discussion 22.3.1 Bias Correction 22.3.2 SWAT Model Simulations 22.3.3 Analysis of Future Climate and Water Resources Availability 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Understanding Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Adaptation to Climate change—A Concept 23.3 Types of Adaptation to Climate Change 23.4 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Mountain Agriculture in the Indian Himalayan Mountains 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Sustainable Water Resources in Rural Areas: Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Surface Water Groundwater Interactions at Lake Tana, Ethiopia 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Hydrological Modeling 24.3 Groundwater Dynamics and Climate Change 24.4 Statement of the Problem and Research Questions 24.5 Materials and Methods 24.5.1 General Overview of the Study Area 24.5.2 Data Availability 24.5.3 Model Construction 24.6 Result and Discussion 24.6.1 Impact of Agricultural Crops on Hydrologic Processes 24.6.2 Dynamics of GW-SW Interaction 24.6.3 Impact of Climate Change on Water Balance Components 24.7 Conclusion References 25 Sustainable Urban Water Management and Development: Issues, Challenges and Strategies 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Issues and Challenges in the Management of Urban Water 25.3 Climate Change Modelling and Scenario Generation 25.4 Adoptions of Smart City Concept 25.5 Urban Water Management Strategies 25.6 Barriers and Opportunities of Urban Water Management 25.7 Management of Urban Water Demand in India 25.8 Conclusion References Correction to: Sustainable Water Resources in Rural Areas: Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Surface Water Groundwater Interactions at Lake Tana, Ethiopia Correction to: Chapter 24 in: B. Yadav et al. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources, Water Science and Technology Library 116, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13467-8_24