Surveillance in Action - Technologies for Civilian, Military and Cyber Surveillance

This book addresses surveillance in action-related applications, and presents novel research on military, civil and cyber surveillance from an international team of experts. The first part of the book, Surveillance of Human Features, reviews surveillance systems that use biometric technologies. It discusses various novel approaches to areas including gait recognition, face-based physiology-assisted recognition, face recognition in the visible and infrared bands, and cross-spectral iris recognition. The second part of the book, Surveillance for Security and Defense, discusses the ethical issues raised by the use of surveillance systems in the name of combatting terrorism and ensuring security. It presents different generations of satellite surveillance systems and discusses the requirements for real-time satellite surveillance in military contexts. In addition, it explores the new standards of surveillance using unmanned air vehicles and drones, proposes surveillance techniques for detecting stealth aircrafts and drones, and highlights key techniques for maritime border surveillance, bio-warfare and bio-terrorism detection. The last part of the book, Cyber Surveillance, provides a review of data hiding techniques that are used to hinder electronic surveillance. It subsequently presents methods for collecting and analyzing information from social media sites and discusses techniques for detecting internal and external threats posed by various individuals (such as spammers, cyber-criminals, suspicious users or extremists in general). The book concludes by examining how high-performance computing environments can be exploited by malicious users, and what surveillance methods need to be put in place to protect these valuable infrastructures. The book is primarily intended for military and law enforcement personnel who use surveillance-related technologies, as well as researchers, Master’s and Ph.D. students who are interested in learning about the latest advances in military, civilian and cyber surveillance. Preface Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors Surveillance of Human Features 1 A Survey of Using Biometrics for Smart Visual Surveillance: Gait Recognition Introduction Smart Visual Surveillance Biometric Technologies Gait Recognition Gait Recognition Methods Areas of Applications Re-Identification Forensic Analysis Conclusion References 2 Comparative Face Soft Biometrics for Human Identification Face Biometrics and Semantic Face Recognition Literature Review Face Recognition in Psychology Human Descriptions and Eyewitness Statements Facial Soft Biometrics Comparative Facial Soft Biometrics Attributes and Comparative Labels Dataset and Label Acquisition Relative Rating of Attributes Attribute Analysis Statistical Overview Attribute Discriminative Power Attribute Semantic Stability Analysing Facial Comparisons Identification Using Facial Comparisons Verification Using Facial Comparisons Approach Limitations Summary References 3 Video-Based Human Respiratory Wavelet Extraction and Identity Recognition Introduction Goals and Contributions: Paper Organization Experimental Setup Equipment Databases Methodology Breathing Wavelet Extraction Nostril Motion Classification Feature Extraction and Clustering Component-Based Face Recognition Results and Discussion Motion Classification Results (C1) Feature Clustering Results (C1&C2) Component-Based FR Experiments for Three Scenarios Conclusions and Future Work Face Normalization Techniques References 4 A Study on Human Recognition Using Auricle and Side View Face Images Introduction Related Research Face Profile Recognition Ear Recognition Face Profile and Ear Face Side/Ear Recognition Methodology SIFT Description SURF Description MLBP Based Description LTP Based Ear Description Experimental Results Ear Datasets Performance of Various Feature Extraction Methods Performance of Face Profile and Ear Fusion Case Study Conclusion and Future Work References 5 Cross-Spectral Iris Matching for Surveillance Applications Introduction Motivations and Contributions Related Work Cross-Spectral Iris Matching Approaches Matching of Registered Images Matching of Unregistered Images Results and Discussion Databases Pre-processing and Feature Extraction Light-Eyed versus Dark-Eyed Cross-Spectral Experiments Multi-spectral Iris Recognition Comparisons with Related Work Processing Time Applicability and Limitations Conclusions References 6 Facial Surveillance and Recognition in the Passive Infrared Bands Introduction Literature Review Indoor and Outdoor Illumination on Face Recognition Homogeneous Face Recognition Face Image Feature Extraction and Matching Methodology Heterogeneous Face Recognition Image Synthesis Reconstruction Using Training Patches Methodological Steps Conclusion References 7 Deep Feature Learning for Classification When Using Single Sensor Multi-wavelength Based Facial Recognition Systems in SWIR Band Introduction Motivation Background Methodology West Virginia University SSMW (WVU-SSMW) Classification Based on the Proposed CNN Framework Face Matching Experimental Results WVU-SSMW Database Classification from Proposed CNN Architecture Cross-Spectral Face Matching: With and Without Classification of Wavelengths Conclusions and Future Work References Surveillance for Security and Defense 8 Managing Uncertainty from the Sky: Surveillance Through Three Generations of Commercial Earth Observation Satellites Abstract Introduction Defining Three Generations of Commercial Earth Observation Satellites Conclusion References 9 Drones Surveillance—Challenges and Techniques Abstract Introduction Acquisition and Operational Cost Versus Capabilities Typical Security Mission Requirements An Example of Mission References 10 Early Warning Against Stealth Aircraft, Missiles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Abstract Introduction RCS Estimation of Various Targets RCS of the Lockheed Martin F-16C RCS of the Lockheed Martin F-35 RCS of the Dong-Feng 15 (DF-15) Missile RCS Versus Detection Range Detecting Difficult-to-Detect Threats Low Frequency Band Radars Passive Coherent Location (PCL) Radars Unbreaking the Kill-Chain Conclusions References 11 Mobile Data Fusion for Maritime Surveillance Abstract Introduction Related Work Vessel Traffic Monitoring EU Electronic Solution for Simplifying Administrative Procedures Software Prototyping Key Features for Creating Prototypes Strategies of Prototypes’ Development Integrated System: Architecture Mobile Application for the Captain and Crew Mobile Application for the Members of the Operational Team Mobile Application at the Central Operations Center Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgements References 12 Mobile Stand-off and Stand-in Surveillance Against Biowarfare and Bioterrorism Agents Abstract Introduction Current Status and Projected Threat The Surveillance as a Constituent to Biodefense Sensor Categories The Spatial Aspect of Surveillance Conclusions References 13 Social Networks for Surveillance and Security: ‘Using Online Techniques to Make Something Happen in the Real or Cyber World’ Abstract Introduction Code Breakers and Spies—From National Defence to National Security GCHQ Subdivisions and Capabilities JTRIG COINTELPROs Ethical and Legal Considerations Re-defining Terrorism, Subversion, and Dissent Conclusion—Risks and Recommendations References 14 Surveillance, Targeted Killing and the Fight Against Terrorism: A Fair-Played Game? Introduction Scope of This Chapter Targeted Killing: The Moral and Legal Framework The War Against Terrorism and Privacy: An Impossible Relationship? Concluding Remarks References Cyber Surveillance 15 Data Hiding in the Wild: Where Computational Intelligence Meets Digital Forensics Abstract Introduction Background Computational Intelligence Digital Watermarking Watermarking Techniques Techniques Based on Artificial Neural Networks Feed-Forward Neural Networks Back-Propagation Neural Networks Radial Basis Function Neural Networks Considerations Techniques Based on Fuzzy Sets Considerations Conclusions References 16 Methods to Detect Cyberthreats on Twitter Introduction Background Cyberthreats on Twitter Spam and Spammers on Twitter Cybercriminals and Spreading of Malware on Twitter A Unified Framework for Modeling and Reasoning About the Veracity of Twitter Data Future Challenges Coping with Big Data Adversarial Machine Learning Conclusion References 17 Detecting Users Who Share Extremist Content on Twitter Introduction Twitter Data Analysis Relevant Features for Extremism Detection User Post Basic Content User Post Viewpoint User Social Media Profile User Network Profile User Content Dynamics User Dynamics State of the Art Identifying Extremist Content Understanding Spread Learning from Networks Using Extremist Seeds Learning from Content Without Extremist Seeds Other Types of Inappropriate Behavior Detection Sentiment and Stance Extremism Detection Case Study Features for Identifying Extremist Behavior Data Set Exploration Tweet Sentiment/Stance Classification Extremism Detection Surveillance Systems for Extremism Detection Capturing Data Current Challenges and Future Directions References 18 An Organizational Visualization Profiler Tool Based on Social Interactions Introduction Related Work Insider Threat Mitigation Techniques Social Networks Analytics Techniques Guiding Principles Social Profiler Overview Social Profiler Methodology Social Profiler Visualizations Case Study Description Actors' Analysis Conclusions References 19 Cyber-Surveillance Analysis for Supercomputing Environments Introduction Related Work Our Motivation and Approach HPC Cyber Surveillance Framework Data Network Extrapolation (DNE) Process Prediction, Estimation and Analysis (PEA) Methodology Dynamic Characterization Static Characterization Metrics Analysis Experimentation DNE Process Results PEA Process Results Conclusion References This book addresses surveillance in action-related applications, and presents novel research on military, civil and cyber surveillance from an international team of experts. The first part of the book, Surveillance of Human Features, reviews surveillance systems that use biometric technologies. It discusses various novel approaches to areas including gait recognition, face-based physiology-assisted recognition, face recognition in the visible and infrared bands, and cross-spectral iris recognition. The second part of the book, Surveillance for Security and Defense, discusses the ethical issues raised by the use of surveillance systems in the name of combatting terrorism and ensuring security. It presents different generations of satellite surveillance systems and discusses the requirements for real-time satellite surveillance in military contexts. In addition, it explores the new standards of surveillance using unmanned air vehicles and drones, proposes surveillance techniques for detecting stealth aircrafts and drones, and highlights key techniques for maritime border surveillance, bio-warfare and bio-terrorism detection. The last part of the book, Cyber Surveillance, provides a review of data hiding techniques that are used to hinder electronic surveillance. It subsequently presents methods for collecting and analyzing information from social media sites and discusses techniques for detecting internal and external threats posed by various individuals (such as spammers, cyber-criminals, suspicious users or extremists in general). The book concludes by examining how high-performance computing environments can be exploited by malicious users, and what surveillance methods need to be put in place to protect these valuable infrastructures. The book is primarily intended for military and law enforcement personnel who use surveillance-related technologies, as well as researchers, Master's and Ph. D. students who are interested in learning about the latest advances in military, civilian and cyber surveillance