Surgical Atlas of Sports Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology

This book is the fully updated and expanded second edition of a highly successful Atlas that comprehensively depicts and describes the latest arthroscopic and open techniques for treating sports orthopaedic injuries and problems. Including several additional clinical pictures, as well as a broader spectrum of techniques, this new edition presents 87 surgical procedures step by step with the aid of superb illustrations. Arthroscopic views, artist drawings, X-rays and clinical and operative photographs are all included to demonstrate exactly how each procedure should be performed. Individual sections are devoted to the shoulder, elbow, pelvis/hip, knee and ankle/foot. By offering complete illustrated guidance on the surgical management of sports-related injuries, this atlas will prove invaluable to both novice and experienced surgeons. Fully updated and expanded second edition of a highly successful Atlas Clearly presents and describes more 87 arthroscopic and open techniques More than 600 figures including arthroscopic views, artist drawings, X-rays and clinical and operative pictures Contents Part I: Shoulder 1: Patient Positioning, Arthroscopic Portals, Diagnostic Arthroscopy, Arthroscopic Sliding Knots 1.1 Patient Positioning 1.1.1 Beach Chair (Semi-Sitting) Position 1.1.2 Lateral Decubitus Position 1.2 Arthroscopic Portals 1.3 Diagnostic Arthroscopy 1.3.1 Diagnostic Inspection/Examination (Fig. 1.5) 1.4 Arthroscopic Sliding Knots 1.5 Tips and Tricks Bibliography 2: Acromioclavicular Joint, Sternoclavicular Joint 2.1 Arthroscopic Resection of AC Joint (ARAC) 2.1.1 Indication 2.1.2 Principle of Operation 2.1.3 Preparation for Surgery 2.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 2.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 2.1.4 Operative Technique 2.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 2.1.4.2 Arthroscopic Resection of the AC Joint 2.1.5 Postoperative Management 2.1.6 Follow-Up Management 2.1.7 Tips and Tricks 2.2 AC Joint Stabilization (Acute) 2.2.1 Indication 2.2.2 Principle of Operation 2.2.3 Preparation for Surgery 2.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 2.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 2.2.4 Operative Technique 2.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 2.2.4.2 Arthroscopically Assisted AC Joint Stabilization 2.2.5 Postoperative 2.2.6 Follow-Up Management 2.2.7 Tips and Tricks 2.3 AC Joint Stabilization (Chronic) 2.3.1 Indication 2.3.2 Operation Principle 2.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 2.3.3.1 Diagnostics Clinical Imaging 2.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 2.3.4 Operative Technique 2.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 2.3.4.2 Arthroscopically Assisted AC Joint Stabilization Using a Flip Pulley System and Gracilis Tendon Graft Augmentation 2.3.5 Postoperative Management 2.3.6 Follow-Up Management 2.3.7 Tips and Tricks 2.4 Surgical Stabilization of the Acute and Chronic Sternoclavicular Joint (SCG) Instability 2.4.1 Indication 2.4.2 Operation Principle 2.4.3 Preparation for Surgery 2.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Examination of the Neurological/Vascular Status Imaging 2.4.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 2.4.4 Operative Technique 2.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 2.4.4.2 Open Stabilization with Tendon Graft 2.4.5 Postoperative Management 2.4.6 Follow-Up Management 2.4.7 Tips and Tricks 2.5 Acromion Reconstruction After Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression (ASAD) and Iatrogenic Acromion Destruction 2.5.1 Indication 2.5.2 Operation Principle 2.5.2.1 Surgical Technique 2.5.2.2 Follow-Up Management 2.5.2.3 Results 2.5.3 Preliminary Remarks 2.5.4 Preparation for Surgery 2.5.4.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 2.5.4.2 Patient Information/Consent 2.5.5 Operative Technique 2.5.5.1 Positioning and Preparation 2.5.5.2 Operative Instruments 2.5.6 Operative Technique 2.5.7 Postoperative Treatment 2.5.8 Tips and Tricks 2.6 Lateral Clavicle Fracture 2.6.1 Indications 2.6.2 Operation Principle 2.6.3 Preoperative Assessment 2.6.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 2.6.3.2 Classification According to Jäger and Breitner 2.6.3.3 Patient Information/Consent 2.6.4 Operative Technique 2.6.4.1 Positioning and Preparation Instruments 2.6.4.2 Plate Fixation and arthroscopically assisted ACJ stabilization Combination Method 2.6.5 Postoperative Management 2.6.6 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 2.1 References to Section 2.2 References to Section 2.4 References to Section 2.5 3: Subacromial Space: Rotator Cuff 3.1 Repair of the Supraspinatus Tendon 3.1.1 Indication 3.1.2 Operation Principle 3.1.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurological/Vascular condition Imaging 3.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.1.4 Operative Technique 3.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.1.4.2 Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Supraspinatus Tendon (SSP) Single Row Technique Double Row Technique 3.1.4.3 Partial Reconstruction and Margin Convergence Technique 3.1.5 Postoperative Management 3.1.6 Follow-Up Management 3.1.7 Tips and Tricks 3.2 Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression (ASAD) 3.2.1 Indication 3.2.2 Operation Principle 3.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 3.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.2.4 Operative Technique 3.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.2.4.2 Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression 3.2.5 Postoperative 3.2.6 Follow-Up Management 3.2.7 Tips and Tricks 3.3 Repair of the Subscapularis Tendon 3.3.1 Indication 3.3.2 Operation Principle 3.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.3.3.1 Diagnostics Clinical Imaging 3.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.3.4 Operative Technique 3.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.3.4.2 Arthroscopic Repair of the Subscapularis Tendon (SSC) 3.3.5 Postoperative Management 3.3.6 Follow-Up Management 3.3.7 Tips and Tricks 3.4 Repair of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Tendons 3.4.1 Indication 3.4.2 Operation Principle 3.4.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 3.4.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.4.4 Operative Technique 3.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.4.4.2 Arthroscopic Repair of the Infraspinatus (ISP)/Teres Minor (SSP) 3.4.5 Postoperative Management 3.4.6 Follow-Up Management 3.4.7 Tips and Tricks 3.5 Tenodesis and Tenotomy of the Long Head Biceps Tendon (LHBT) 3.5.1 Indication 3.5.2 Operation Principle 3.5.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.5.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 3.5.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.5.4 Operative Technique 3.5.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.5.4.2 Tenotomy of the Long Head Biceps Tendon 3.5.4.3 Tenodesis of the Long Head Biceps Tendon Subpectoral Tenodesis Intra-articular (Suprapectoral) Tenodesis 3.5.5 Postoperative Management 3.5.6 Follow-Up Management 3.5.7 Tips and Tricks 3.6 Transfer of the M. Pectoralis Major Tendon 3.6.1 Indication 3.6.2 Principle of Operation 3.6.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.6.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 3.6.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.6.4 Operative Technique 3.6.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.6.4.2 Open Transfer of the Pectoralis Major Tendon 3.6.5 Postoperative Management 3.6.6 Follow-Up Management 3.6.7 Tips and Tricks 3.7 Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi Tendon 3.7.1 Indications 3.7.2 Operation Principle 3.7.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.7.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Assessment of the Neurovascular Status Imaging 3.7.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.7.4 Operative Technique 3.7.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.7.4.2 Latissimus Dorsi Transfer 3.7.5 Postoperative Management 3.7.6 Follow-Up Management 3.7.7 Tips and Tricks 3.8 Operative Removal of Calcium Deposits (Calcific Tendinitis) 3.8.1 Indications 3.8.1.1 Course of Disease 3.8.1.2 Stage Concept for Management of Calcific Tendinitis 3.8.2 Operation Principle 3.8.3 Preoperative Assessment 3.8.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 3.8.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 3.8.4 Operative Technique 3.8.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 3.8.4.2 Arthroscopic Removal of Calcific Deposits 3.8.5 Postoperative Management 3.8.6 Follow-Up Management 3.8.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 3.1 Refernces on Section 3.2 References to Section 3.3 References to Section 3.4 References to Section 3.5 References to Section 3.6 References to Section 3.7 References to Section 3.8 4: Instability 4.1 Anterior Shoulder Stabilization 4.1.1 Indication 4.1.2 Operation Principle 4.1.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurological/Vascular Condition Imaging 4.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.1.4 Operative Technique 4.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.1.4.2 Arthroscopic Anterior Shoulder Stabilization, Possibly with Hill-Sachs Remplissage 4.1.5 Postoperative Management 4.1.6 Follow-Up Management 4.1.7 Tips and Tricks 4.2 Posterior Shoulder Stabilization 4.2.1 Indication 4.2.2 Operation Principle 4.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurovascular Condition Imaging 4.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.2.4 Operative Technique 4.2.4.1 Positioning and preparation 4.2.4.2 Arthroscopic Posterior Shoulder Stabilization, with Modified McLaughlin Procedure 4.2.5 Postoperative 4.2.6 Follow-Up management 4.2.7 Tips and Tricks 4.3 Multidirectional Shoulder Instability 4.3.1 Indication 4.3.2 Operation Principle 4.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 4.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.3.4 Operative Technique 4.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.3.4.2 Arthroscopic Anterior and Posterior Shoulder Stabilization with Capsular Plication and Rotator Interval Closure (If Needed) 4.3.4.3 Capsular Plication 4.3.4.4 Rotator Interval Closure 4.3.5 Postoperative Management 4.3.6 Follow-Up Management 4.3.7 Tips and Tricks 4.4 SLAP Lesions Type II–V 4.4.1 Indication 4.4.2 Operation Principle 4.4.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 4.4.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.4.4 Operative Technique 4.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.4.4.2 Arthroscopic SLAP Repair 4.4.5 Postoperative Management 4.4.6 Follow-Up Management 4.4.7 Tips and Tricks 4.5 Posterosuperior Impingement 4.5.1 Indication 4.5.2 Operation Principle 4.5.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.5.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 4.5.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.5.4 Operative Technique 4.5.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.5.4.2 Surgical Technique 4.5.5 Postoperative Management 4.5.6 Follow-Up Management 4.5.7 Tips and Tricks 4.6 Reconstruction of Glenoid Bone Defects: J Span 4.6.1 Indication 4.6.2 Principle of Operation 4.6.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.6.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurovascular Examination Imaging 4.6.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.6.4 Operative Technique 4.6.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.6.4.2 Anatomical Glenoid Reconstruction with J-Shaped Iliac Crest Bone Graft 4.6.5 Postoperative Management 4.6.6 Follow-Up Management 4.6.7 Tips and Tricks 4.7 Latarjet Coracoid Transfer 4.7.1 Indications 4.7.2 Operation Principle 4.7.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.7.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Assessment of the Neurovascular Status Imaging 4.7.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.7.4 Operative Technique 4.7.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 4.7.4.2 Open Coracoid Transfer with Capsular Interposition 4.7.5 Postoperative Management 4.7.6 Follow-Up Management 4.7.7 Tips and Tricks 4.8 Posterior Open-Wedge Glenoid Osteotomy 4.8.1 Indications 4.8.2 Operation Principle 4.8.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.8.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Assessment of the Neurovascular Status Imaging 4.8.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.8.4 Operative Technique 4.8.4.1 Posterior Open-Wedge Glenoid Osteotomy 4.8.5 Postoperative Management 4.8.6 Follow-Up Management 4.8.7 Tips and Tricks 4.9 Bony Bankart Lesion/Glenoid Fractures 4.9.1 Indications 4.9.2 Operation Principle 4.9.3 Preoperative Assessment 4.9.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Assessment of the Neurovascular Status Imaging 4.9.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 4.9.4 Operative Technique 4.9.4.1 Arthroscopic Refixation of Glenoid Fragments 4.9.5 Postoperative Management 4.9.6 Follow-Up Management 4.9.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 4.1 References to Section 4.2 References to Section 4.3 References to Section 4.4 References to Section 4.5 References to Section 4.6 References to Section 4.7 References to Section 4.8 References to Section 4.9 5: Chondral and Osteochondral Lesions of the Shoulder Joint 5.1 Microfracture 5.1.1 Indication 5.1.2 Operation Principle 5.1.3 Preoperative Preparation 5.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 5.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 5.1.4 Surgical Technique 5.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 5.1.4.2 Arthroscopic Microfracture 5.1.5 Postoperative Management 5.1.6 Follow-Up Management 5.1.7 Tips and Tricks 5.2 Chondrocyte Transplantation (ACT/MACT) 5.2.1 Indication 5.2.2 Operation Principle 5.2.3 Preoperative Preparation 5.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 5.2.3.2 Planning 5.2.3.3 Patient Information/Consent 5.2.4 Surgical Technique 5.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 5.2.4.2 Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation (ACT) with Periosteal Flap 5.2.4.3 Matrix Associated Chondrocyte Transplantation (MACT) 5.2.5 Postoperative Management 5.2.6 Follow-Up Management 5.2.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography 6: Shoulder Osteoarthritis 6.1 Resurfacing Arthroplasty 6.1.1 Indication 6.1.2 Operation Principle 6.1.3 Operative Preparation 6.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurovascular Condition Imaging 6.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 6.1.4 Operative Technique 6.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 6.1.4.2 Arthroscopically Assisted Partial/Focal Resurfacing (Partial EclipseTM, Arthrex) 6.1.4.3 Open Partial Resurfacing (HemiCAPTM, Arthrosurface) 6.1.5 Postoperative Management 6.1.6 Follow-Up Management 6.1.6.1 Partial Eclipse 6.1.6.2 HemiCAP 6.1.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 6.1 7: Miscellaneous 7.1 Arthrolysis 7.1.1 Indication 7.1.2 Operation Principle 7.1.3 Preoperative Assessment 7.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurovascular Condition Imaging 7.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 7.1.4 Surgical Technique 7.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 7.1.4.2 Arthroscopic arthrolysis 7.1.4.3 Resection of Inferior Humeral Osteophytes 7.1.5 Postoperative Management 7.1.6 Follow-Up Management 7.1.7 Tips and Tricks 7.2 Repair of the Pectoralis Major Tendon 7.2.1 Indication 7.2.1.1 Anatomy 7.2.2 Operation Principle 7.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 7.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Symptoms Imaging 7.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 7.2.4 Surgical Technique 7.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 7.2.4.2 Repair of the Pectoralis Major Tendon 7.2.5 Postoperative Management 7.2.6 Follow-Up Management 7.3 Suprascapular Nerve Release 7.3.1 Indication 7.3.1.1 Anatomy 7.3.2 Operation Principle 7.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 7.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurological/Vascular Condition Imaging 7.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 7.3.4 Operative Technique 7.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 7.3.4.2 Arthroscopic Release of the Suprascapular Nerve at the Suprascapular Notch by Releasing the Transverse Scapular Ligament 7.3.4.3 Arthroscopic Release of the Suprascapular Nerve by Decompression of Cysts at the Supraglenoid (Spinoglenoid) Notch 7.3.5 Postoperative Management 7.3.6 Follow-Up Management Bibliography References to Section 7.1 References to Section 7.2 References to Section 7.3 Part II: Elbow 8: Positioning, Arthroscopic Portals, and Diagnostic Arthroscopy 8.1 Patient Positioning 8.1.1 Lateral Decubitus Position 8.1.2 Prone Position 8.1.3 Supine Position 8.2 Arthroscopic Portals 8.2.1 Anterolateral Portal 8.2.2 Anteromedial Portal 8.2.3 Superoposterior (Transtendinous) Portal 8.2.4 Deep Posterolateral Portal/Direct Lateral Portal (Mid-Lateral Portal) 8.2.5 High Posterolateral Portal 8.3 Diagnostic Arthroscopy 8.4 Tips and Tricks Bibliography 9: Osteochondral Lesion 9.1 Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation 9.1.1 Indication 9.1.2 Operation Principle 9.1.3 Preoperative Preparation 9.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 9.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 9.1.4 Surgical Technique 9.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 9.1.4.2 Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation, E.g., to the Capitellum 9.1.5 Postoperative Management 9.1.6 Follow-Up Management 9.1.7 Tips and Tricks 9.2 Radial Head Prosthesis 9.2.1 Indication 9.2.2 Operation Principle 9.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 9.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 9.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 9.2.4 Surgical Technique 9.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 9.2.4.2 Implantation of the Radial Head Prosthesis 9.2.5 Postoperative Management 9.2.6 Follow-Up Management 9.2.7 Tips and Tricks References References to Section 9.1 10: Tendons 10.1 Repair of the Biceps Tendon 10.1.1 Indication 10.1.2 Operation Principle 10.1.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging Patient Information/Consent 10.1.4 Surgical Technique 10.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 10.1.4.2 Distal Biceps Tendon Repair with Suture Anchors 10.1.4.3 Distal Biceps Tendon Repair with Intramedullary Buttons 10.1.5 Postoperative Management 10.1.6 Follow-Up Management 10.1.7 Tips and Tricks 10.2 Endoscopically Assisted Intramedullary Refixation of the Distal Biceps Tendon Using the Biceps Button 10.2.1 Indication 10.2.2 Operation Principle 10.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 10.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 10.2.4 Surgical Technique 10.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 10.2.4.2 Endoscopically Assisted Intramedullary Refixation of the Distal Biceps Tendon 10.2.5 Postoperative Management 10.2.6 Follow-Up Management 10.2.7 Tips and Tricks 10.3 Repair of the Triceps Tendon 10.3.1 Indication 10.3.2 Operation Principle 10.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 10.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 10.3.4 Surgical Technique 10.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 10.3.4.2 Distal Triceps Tendon Repair with Suture Anchors 10.3.5 Postoperative Management 10.3.6 Follow-Up Management 10.3.7 Tips and Tricks 10.4 Operation to Reattach the Tendon Origins on the Humeral Epicondyles in Chronic Epicondylitis 10.4.1 Indication 10.4.2 Operation Principle 10.4.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 10.4.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 10.4.4 Surgical Technique 10.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation Radial Side Ulnar Side 10.4.4.2 Surgical Technique Radial Side Ulnar Side 10.4.5 Postoperative Management 10.4.6 Follow-Up Management 10.4.7 Tips and Tricks 10.5 Lateral Side Stabilization 10.5.1 Indication 10.5.2 Operation Principle 10.5.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.5.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 10.5.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 10.5.4 Surgical Technique 10.5.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 10.5.4.2 LUCL Reconstruction with Autologous Triceps Strand 10.5.5 Postoperative Management 10.5.6 Follow-Up Management 10.5.7 Tips and Tricks 10.6 Arthrolysis 10.6.1 Indication 10.6.2 Operation Principle 10.6.3 Preoperative Assessment 10.6.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Neurological/Vascular Condition Imaging 10.6.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 10.6.4 Surgical Technique 10.6.4.1 Positioning and Preparation Arthroscopic Arthrolysis Open Arthrolysis Arthroscopic Arthrolysis Open Arthrolysis (“Lateral Column Procedure”) 10.6.5 Postoperative Management 10.6.6 Follow-Up Management 10.6.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 10.1 References to Section 10.2 References to Section 10.3 References to Section 10.4 References to Section 10.5 References to Section 10.6 Part III: Pelvis and Hip 11: Hip Joint Positioning, Portals, Impingement, Chondral Lesions 11.1 Patient Positioning, Arthroscopic Portals, Diagnosis 11.1.1 Indication 11.1.2 Patient Positioning and Preparation 11.1.2.1 Distraction 11.1.3 Arthroscopic Portals 11.1.3.1 Capsulotomy 11.1.4 Diagnostic Arthroscopy/Arthroscopic Examination/Diagnostic Round 11.1.4.1 Central Compartment 11.1.4.2 Peripheral Compartment 11.1.5 Postoperative Management 11.1.6 Tips and Tricks 11.2 Femoroacetabular Impingement 11.2.1 Indications 11.2.2 Operation Principle 11.2.3 Preoperative Preparation 11.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging Planning 11.2.4 Surgical Technique 11.2.4.1 Positioning and Preoperative Preparation 11.2.4.2 Arthroscopic Acetabular Rim Resection (Acetabuloplasty) in Pincer FAI 11.2.4.3 Arthroscopic Femoral Resection (Femoroplasty) in Cam FAI 11.2.4.4 Evaluation of Resection 11.2.5 Postoperative Management 11.2.6 Follow-Up Management 11.2.7 Tips and Tricks 11.3 Labral Reconstruction/Repair/Refixation 11.3.1 Indication 11.3.2 Operation Principle 11.3.3 Preoperative Preparation 11.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 11.3.4 Surgical Technique 11.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 11.3.4.2 Evaluation of the Labral Injury 11.3.4.3 Partial Labral Resection Labral Detachment 11.3.4.4 Labrum Refixation 11.3.4.5 Chondrolabral Instability 11.3.4.6 Special Situations of the Labrum Hip Dysplasia 11.3.4.7 Ossification and Calcinosis 11.3.4.8 Chondrolabral Sulcus 11.3.5 Postoperative Management 11.3.6 Follow-Up Management 11.4 Treatment of Cartilage Lesions 11.4.1 Indication 11.4.2 Operation Principle 11.4.3 Preoperative Preparation 11.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging MRI Planning 11.4.4 Surgical Technique 11.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 11.4.4.2 One-Stage Cartilage Treatment Procedures: Abrasion, Microfracture and AMIC) 11.4.4.3 Two-Stage Autologous Cartilage Cell Transplantation (MACT, 3D-ACT) 11.4.5 Postoperative Management 11.4.6 Follow-Up Management 11.4.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 11.1 References to Section 11.2 References to Section 11.3 References to Section 11.4 12: Harvesting Iliac Crest Bone Block Grafts and Cancellous Bone Graft 12.1 Indication 12.2 Operation Principle 12.3 Preoperative Assessment 12.3.1 Diagnosis 12.3.1.1 Clinical Symptom-Specific History 12.3.1.2 Symptom-Specific Examination Nerves/Vessel Status Imaging 12.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 12.4 Surgical Technique 12.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 12.4.2 Harvesting of the Iliac Crest Graft and Iliac Crest Bone 12.4.2.1 Bone Block Graft 12.4.2.2 Harvesting Cancellous Bone Graft 12.4.2.3 Postoperative Management 12.5 Follow-Up Management 12.6 Tips and Tricks 13: Tendons 13.1 Proximal Hamstring Tendon Repair 13.1.1 Indication 13.1.2 Operation Principle 13.1.3 Preoperative Preparation 13.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 13.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 13.1.4 Surgical Technique 13.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 13.1.4.2 Proximal Hamstring Tendon Refixation Using Suture Anchors 13.1.5 Postoperative Management 13.1.6 Follow-Up Management Excessive Tension 13.1.7 Tips and Tricks 13.2 Rectus Femoris Tendon Refixation 13.2.1 Indication 13.2.2 Operation Principle 13.2.3 Preoperative Preparation 13.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 13.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 13.2.4 Surgical Technique 13.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 13.2.4.2 Rectus Femoris Tendon Refixation Using Suture Anchors 13.2.5 Postoperative Management 13.2.6 Follow-Up Management 13.2.7 Tips and Tricks 13.3 Refixation of the Adductor Tendons 13.3.1 Indication 13.3.2 Operation Principle 13.3.3 Preoperative Preparation 13.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 13.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 13.3.4 Surgical Technique 13.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 13.3.4.2 Refixation of Adductor Tendons Using Suture Anchors 13.3.5 Postoperative Management 13.3.6 Follow-Up Management 13.3.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 13.1 References to Section 13.2 References to Section 13.3 Part IV: Knee 14: Patient Positioning, Arthroscopic Portals, Diagnostic Arthroscopy, and Tendon (Graft) Harvesting 14.1 Patient Positioning 14.2 Arthroscopic Portals 14.2.1 Anterolateral Portal 14.2.2 Anteromedial Portal 14.2.3 Central (Transpatellar) Portal 14.2.4 Accessory Medial and Lateral Portals 14.2.5 Posteromedial Portal 14.2.6 Posterolateral Portal 14.2.7 Lateral and Medial Suprapatellar Portals 14.3 Diagnostic Arthroscopy 14.4 Tendon (Graft) Harvesting 14.4.1 Harvesting the Semitendinosus and Gracilis 14.4.2 Harvesting of the Quadriceps Tendon 14.4.3 Removal of the Patellar Tendon with Bone Block 14.4.4 Use of Tendon Allografts 14.5 Tips and Tricks Bibliography 15: Meniscus 15.1 Meniscectomy 15.1.1 Indication 15.1.2 Operation Principle 15.1.3 Preoperative Preparation 15.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 15.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 15.1.4 Surgical Technique 15.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 15.1.4.2 Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy 15.1.5 Postoperative Management 15.1.6 Rehabilitation 15.1.7 Tips and Tricks 15.2 Meniscal Repair and Meniscal Root Fixation 15.2.1 Indication 15.2.2 Operation Principle 15.2.3 Preoperative Preparation 15.2.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical 15.2.3.2 Neurological/Vascular Status Imaging 15.2.3.3 Patient Information/Consent 15.2.4 Surgical Technique 15.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 15.2.4.2 Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair 15.2.4.3 Outside-In Technique 15.2.4.4 Inside-Out Technique 15.2.4.5 All-Inside Technique with Anchor System 15.2.4.6 Meniscal Root Fixation (Repair) 15.2.5 Postoperative Management 15.2.6 Rehabilitation 15.2.6.1 Medial Meniscus 15.2.6.2 Lateral Meniscus 15.2.7 Tips and Tricks 15.3 Meniscus Replacement 15.3.1 Indication 15.3.2 Operation Principle 15.3.3 Preoperative Preparation 15.3.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 15.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 15.3.4 Surgical Technique 15.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 15.3.4.2 Artificial Meniscus Replacement 15.3.4.3 Allogenic Meniscus Replacement 15.3.5 Postoperative Management 15.3.6 Rehabilitation 15.3.7 Tips and Tricks Bibliography References to Section 15.1 References to Section 15.2 References to Section 15.3 16: Ligaments 16.1 ACL Reconstruction 16.1.1 Indication 16.1.2 Operation Principle 16.1.3 Preoperative Preparation 16.1.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 16.1.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.1.4 Surgical Technique 16.1.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.1.4.2 Anatomical ACL Reconstruction in Single-Bundle Technique and Femoral Fixation Using ACL Tightrope or Using an ACL Adjustable Cortical Loop 16.1.4.3 Anatomical ACL Reconstruction in Double-Bundle Technique and Direct Anatomical Fixation with Interference Screw “Aperture Fixation” 16.1.4.4 Anatomical ACL Reconstruction in Single-Bundle Technique with Autologous Quadriceps Tendon 16.1.5 Postoperative Management 16.1.6 Rehabilitation 16.1.7 Tips and Tricks 16.2 ACL Partial Rupture—Isolated Bundle Replacement 16.2.1 Indication 16.2.2 Operation Principle 16.2.3 Preoperative Assessment 16.2.3.1 Diagnosis 16.2.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.2.4 Surgical Technique 16.2.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.2.4.2 Isolated Posterolateral Bundle Replacement in Case of Partial Rupture of the ACL 16.2.4.3 Isolated Anteromedial Bundle Replacement with Partial Rupture of the ACL 16.2.5 Postoperative Management 16.2.6 Follow-Up Management 16.2.7 Tips and Tricks 16.3 Proximal ACL Repair (E.g. Refixation) and “Healing Response” (HR) 16.3.1 Indication 16.3.2 Operation Principle 16.3.2.1 Proximal ACL Refixation 16.3.2.2 “Healing Response” (HR) 16.3.3 Preoperative Assessment 16.3.3.1 Diagnosis 16.3.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.3.4 Surgical Technique 16.3.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.3.4.2 Proximal ACL Refixation 16.3.5 Postoperative Management 16.3.6 Follow-Up Management 16.3.7 Tips and Tricks 16.4 Extra-Articular Stabilization 16.4.1 Indication 16.4.2 Operation Principle 16.4.2.1 Modified Lemaire Technique 16.4.2.2 Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) 16.4.3 Preoperative Assessment 16.4.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 16.4.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.4.4 Surgical Technique 16.4.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.4.4.2 Modified Lemaire Technique 16.4.5 Postoperative Management 16.4.6 Follow-Up Management 16.4.7 Tips and Tricks 16.5 ACL Revision and Bone Grafting of the Tunnels 16.5.1 Indication 16.5.2 Operation Principle 16.5.2.1 Recurrent Instability 16.5.2.2 Restriction of Motion 16.5.2.3 Persistent Pain and Recurrent Effusions 16.5.3 Preoperative Preparation 16.5.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging Planning 16.5.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.5.4 Surgical Technique 16.5.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.5.4.2 Single-Stage Revision ACL Reconstruction 16.5.4.3 Two-Stage Revision ACL Reconstruction with Primary Tunnel Filling 16.5.5 Postoperative Management 16.5.6 Rehabilitation 16.5.6.1 Revision ACL Reconstruction 16.5.6.2 Tunnel Bone Grafting 16.5.7 Tips and Tricks 16.6 Tibial Eminence Fracture 16.6.1 Indication 16.6.2 Operation Principle 16.6.3 Operation Preparation 16.6.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 16.6.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.6.4 Surgical Technique 16.6.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.6.4.2 Arthroscopic Fixation of Tibial Eminence Fracture with Transtibial Suture Tape Cerclage 16.6.4.3 Arthroscopically Assisted Fixation of Tibial Eminence Fracture with Screw 16.6.5 Postoperative Management 16.6.6 Rehabilitation 16.6.7 Tips and Tricks 16.7 PCL Reconstruction 16.7.1 Indication 16.7.2 Operation Principle 16.7.3 Preoperative Preparation 16.7.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical 16.7.3.2 Neurological/Vascular Examination Imaging 16.7.3.3 Patient Information/Consent 16.7.4 Surgical Technique 16.7.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.7.4.2 Anatomical Reconstruction of the PCL Anterolateral in Single-Bundle Technique and Direct Anatomical Fixation with Interference Screw “Aperture Fixation” 16.7.4.3 Anatomical PCL Reconstruction in Double-Bundle Technique and Direct Anatomical Fixation with Interference Screw “Aperture Fixation” 16.7.5 Postoperative Management 16.7.6 Rehabilitation 16.7.7 Tips and Tricks 16.8 Posterolateral Reconstruction (Acute/Chronic) 16.8.1 Indication 16.8.2 Operation Principle 16.8.2.1 Acute 16.8.3 Preoperative Preparation 16.8.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical 16.8.3.2 Neurological/Vascular Examination Imaging 16.8.3.3 Patient Information/Consent 16.8.4 Surgical Technique 16.8.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.8.4.2 Acute Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Structures 16.8.4.3 Isometric Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Structures with the Modified Larson Technique 16.8.4.4 Anatomical Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Structures with La Prade Technique 16.8.5 Postoperative Management 16.8.6 Rehabilitation 16.8.6.1 Isolated Posterolateral Reconstruction 16.8.6.2 Combined Posterolateral and PCL Reconstruction 16.8.7 Tips and Tricks 16.9 Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction 16.9.1 Indication 16.9.2 Operation Principle 16.9.3 Preoperative Preparation 16.9.3.1 Diagnosis Clinical Imaging 16.9.3.2 Patient Information/Consent 16.9.4 Surgical Technique 16.9.4.1 Positioning and Preparation 16.9.4.2 Suturing and Repair of the Medial Collateral Ligament Complex 16.9.4.3 Reconstruction of the Superficial MCL