Superparamagnetic Materials for Cancer Medicine (Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology)

This book delves into the methods of synthesis and functionalization of superparamagnetic materials, offering a deep understanding of their properties and applications. It explores the behavioral study of these materials and provides valuable insights into their diverse applications across various fields. A dedicated section focuses on in vitro and in vivo assessment, toxicology considerations, and post-application aspects. Furthermore, the book summarizes the current development of superparamagnetic materials, including an overview of ongoing clinical trials. Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors Strategies for Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles 3 Important Properties of MNPs 4 Synthesis of SPIONs 4.1 Chemical Synthesis of SPIONs 4.2 Aqueous Co-Precipitation of Inorganic Salts 4.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 4.4 Solvothermal Method 4.5 Sonochemical Method 4.6 Thermal Decomposition Method 4.7 Microemulsion Method 4.8 Electrochemical Method 4.9 Polyol Method 4.10 Combustion Synthesis (CS) 4.11 Sol–gel Synthesis 5 Conclusion References Functionalized Strategies of Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Advantages of Surface Functionalization 2.1 Inhibition of Aggregation and Colloidal Stability 2.2 Steric Stabilization 2.3 Electrostatic Stabilization 2.4 Water Compatibilization 2.5 Magnetic Controllability 2.6 Protection and Stability of the Surface 2.7 Biocompatibility 3 Functionalization Strategies 3.1 In Situ Surface Functionalization 3.2 Post Synthesis Surface Functionalization 4 Types of Surface Functionalized Structures 4.1 Core–shell Structure 4.2 Matrix-Dispersed Structure 4.3 Janus Structure 4.4 Shell–Core–Shell Structure 5 Mechanism of Functionalization of SPNs 5.1 Ligand Addition 5.2 Ligand Exchange 5.3 Encapsulation 6 Materials Used for the Functionalization of SPNs 6.1 Organic Compounds 6.2 Inorganic Compounds 7 Bioconjugation 7.1 Overview of Different Bioconjugation Strategies 8 Conclusions References Ferrite- and Non-ferrite-Based Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Superparamagnetism 2.1 Multidomain System 2.2 single-Domain System 2.3 Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles 3 Types of SPM Nanoparticles 3.1 Ferrite-Based SPM Materials 3.2 Non-Ferrite-Based SPM Materials 3.3 Structure of LSMO/NSMO 3.4 Bimetallic Nanoparticles 3.5 Metallic with a Shell 4 Important Properties of SPM Nanoparticles to Be Used in Biomedical Applications 5 Role of SPM Nanoparticles for Various Applications 5.1 MRI 5.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 5.3 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia 5.4 For Environmental Application 6 Conclusion References In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of SPIONs 3 Surface Functionalization of SPIONs 4 Applications of SPIONs in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics 4.1 SPIONs in Magnetic Hyperthermia 4.2 SPIONs in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.3 SPIONs in Anticancerous Drug Delivery 5 In Vitro Assessment of SPIONs 6 In Vivo Assessment of SPIONs 7 Toxicity of SPIONs 8 Conclusion References Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials in Drug Delivery Toward Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Important Characteristics of SPMNPs Required for Drug Delivery 2.1 Superparamagnetic Nature 2.2 Effect of Shape and Size on Cellular Uptake 2.3 Surface Functionalization and Colloidal Stability of SPMNPs 2.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of SPMNPs 3 Tumor Targeting Pathways 3.1 Passive Targeting 3.2 Active Targeting 4 Stimulus Responsive Drug Delivery 4.1 Exogenous Stimuli-Responsive Drug Release 4.2 Endogenous Stimuli-Responsive Drug Release 5 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 5.1 SPMNPs Based Chemotherapy 6 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Perspective References Applications of Superparamagnetic Nanomaterials in Hyperthermia Toward Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Hyperthermia 3 Magnetic Hyperthermia 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Superparamagnetic Materials in Cancer Imaging and Diagnostics 1 Introduction 2 Nature of Malignant Tumor 3 What Causes Cancer? 4 Superparamagnetic Materials for Cancer Diagnosis 4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.2 Multimodal Imaging 5 Method of Treatments Using Superparamagnetic Materials 5.1 Chemotherapy (Cytotoxic Drug Treatment) 5.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia 5.3 Photo-Induced Thermal Therapy 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Pre-clinical Practices of Functionalized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Bone Cancer 3 Breast Cancer 4 Lung Cancer 5 Ovarian Cancer 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Pharmacokinetic Study of Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 3 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles 3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Hyperthermia Agents 3.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents 4 Pharmacokinetics of Magnetic Nanoparticles 4.1 Absorption and Distribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles 4.2 Metabolism and Excretion of Magnetic Nanoparticles 5 Toxicity of Magnetic Nanoparticles 6 Clinically Approved Magnetic Nanomaterials 7 Future Perspective and Conclusion References Toxicology of Superparamagnetic Materials 1 In Vitro Toxicology of MNPs 2 In Vivo Toxicology of MNPs 3 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia 4 In Vitro Magnetic Hyperthermia Toxicity 5 In Vivo Magnetic Hyperthermia Toxicity 6 Magnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Trials References In Vivo Mechanistic Study of Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 2 Factors Controlling the Mechanistic Studies 2.1 Surface Charge and Functionalization 2.2 Size and Shape 2.3 Mode of Administration and Dose Injected 2.4 Biopersistance and Protein Remodelling 3 Biodistribution of MNPs 4 Biotransformation/Biodegradation 5 Fate of MNPs 6 Assessment of Toxicity of Magnetic Material 6.1 In-Vitro Toxicity Study 6.2 In-Vivo Toxicity Study 7 Discussion and General Comment References Recent Status of the Current Clinical Trials Going on for Superparamagnetic Materials 1 Introduction 1.1 What Are Clinical Trials? 1.2 Importance of Clinical Trials in Medicine 1.3 Various Stages of Clinical Trials 2 Preclinical Interventions of SPIONs 3 Clinical Considerations and Recent Status of SPIONS 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References