Suizhou Meteorite: Mineralogy and Shock Metamorphism (Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy)

This book introduces the unusual shock-related mineralogical features of the shocked Suizhou L6 (S5) meteorite. The olivine and pyroxene in Suizhou display a mosaic shock feature, while most of plagioclase grains have transformed to glassy maskelynite. A few of the shock-induced melt veins in the meteorite are the simplest, straightest and thinnest ones among all shock-vein-bearing meteorites, and contain the most abundant high-pressure mineral species. Among the 11 identified species, tuite, xieite, and the post-spinel CF-phase of chromite are new minerals. The meteorite experienced a peak shock pressure up to 24 GPa and temperatures of up to 1000℗ʻ C. Locally developed shock veins were formed at the same pressure, but at an elevated temperature of about 2000℗ʻ C that was produced by localized shear-friction stress. The rapid cooling of the extremely thin shock veins is the main reason why 11 shock-induced high-pressure mineral phases could be preserved in them so well. This book offers a helpful guide for meteoritics researchers and mineralogists and invaluable resource for specialists working in high-pressure and high-temperature mineralophysics Preface 6 Contents 11 1 General Introduction of the Suizhou Meteorite 15 1.1 Falling Phenomenon of the Suizhou Meteorite 15 1.2 Chemical Composition 18 1.3 Mineral Composition 19 1.3.1 Minerals in Chondritic Rock 20 1.3.2 Minerals in Shock Melt Veins 22 1.3.3 Minerals in Fusion Crust 23 1.4 Texture Characteristics 25 1.4.1 General Characteristics of Chondrules 25 1.4.2 Textural Types of Chondrule 25 1.5 Isotope Compositions and Chronology 27 1.5.1 Lead, Oxygen, and Sulfur Isotope Compositions 27 1.5.2 Noble Gases in the Suizhou Meteorite 29 1.5.3 Fission Track Dating 29 1.6 Formation and Evolution of the Suizhou Meteorite 31 References 33 2 Micro-Mineralogical Investigative Techniques 35 2.1 Petrographic Microscopic Studies 35 2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis 36 2.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis 38 2.4 Raman Microprobe Analysis 39 2.5 Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction in Situ Analysis 40 2.6 X-Ray Micro-Diffraction in Situ Analysis 42 2.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy 44 2.8 Laser Ablation ICP-MS 46 References 47 3 Mineralogy of Suizhou Unmelted Chondritic Rock 49 3.1 General Remarks 49 3.2 Rock-Forming Minerals 49 3.2.1 Olivine 50 3.2.2 Pyroxenes 57 3.2.3 Plagioclase Feldspar 63 3.2.4 Maskelynite 67 3.3 Opaque Minerals 74 3.3.1 FeNi Metal 74 3.3.2 Troilite 78 3.3.3 Chromite 89 3.3.4 Ilmenite 100 3.3.5 Natural Copper 101 3.4 Phosphate Minerals 102 3.4.1 Whitlockite (Merrillite) 103 3.4.2 Chlorapatite 106 3.5 Summary 110 References 111 4 Distinct Morphological and Petrological Features of the Suizhou Shock Veins 114 4.1 General Remarks 114 4.2 Morphological Features of the Suizhou Melt Veins 115 4.2.1 The Simplest Melt Veins 115 4.2.2 The Straightest Melt Veins 117 4.2.3 The Thinnest Melt Veins 118 4.3 Petrological Features of the Suizhou Shock Veins 120 4.3.1 Black Fracture-like Features Are Solid Melt Veins 120 4.3.2 Fully Crystalline Vein Matrix with no Glassy Material Remaining 120 4.3.3 Abundant Coarse-Grained High-Pressure Minerals in Veins 123 4.3.4 Three New High-Pressure Minerals in Veins 125 4.4 Comparison with Melt Veins in NWA 3171 Chondrite 125 4.5 Summary 126 References 127 5 Mineralogy of Suizhou Shock Veins 129 5.1 General Remarks 129 5.2 Coarse-Grained High-Pressure Mineral Phases 132 5.2.1 Ringwoodite, the Spinel-Structured (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 132 5.2.2 Majorite, the Garnet-Structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3 137 5.2.3 Akimotoite, the Ilmenite-Structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3 141 5.2.4 Vitrified (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Perovskite 147 5.2.5 Lingunite, the Hollandite-Structured Plagioclase 152 5.2.6 Tuite, the Dense Polymorph of Whitlockite 157 5.2.7 High-Pressure Phase of Chlorapatite Decomposition 168 5.2.8 Xieite, the CaTi2O4-Type Dense Polymorph of Chromite 176 5.2.9 CF Phase, the CaFe2O4-Type Dense Polymorph of Chromite 186 5.2.10 Multi-phase Grains of Silicate and Oxide Minerals 191 5.2.10.1 Ringwoodite + Lingunite Grain 192 5.2.10.2 Lingunite + Majorite Grains 193 5.2.10.3 Ringwoodite + Majorite + Lingunite Grains 194 5.2.10.4 Ringwoodite + Majorite + Perovskite Glass Grains 195 5.2.10.5 Xieite + Lingunite Grains 196 5.2.10.6 Xieite + Ringwoodite Grains 198 5.2.10.7 Xieite + Majorite Grains 200 5.3 Fine-Grained High-Pressure Minerals in Shock Veins 202 5.3.1 Majorite--Pyrope Garnet 204 5.3.2 Magnesiowüstite 209 5.3.3 Fine-Grained Ringwoodite Aggregates 211 5.4 FeNi Metal and Troilite in Shock Melt Veins 213 5.5 Summary 217 References 217 6 Shock-Induced Redistribution of Trace Elements 223 6.1 General Remarks 223 6.2 Concentrations of Trace Elements in the Suizhou Minerals 224 6.2.1 Siderophile Elements 224 6.2.2 Chalcophile Elements 231 6.2.3 Dispersed Elements 232 6.2.4 Rare Elements 232 6.2.5 Rare Earth Elements 233 6.3 Summary 234 References 235 7 Evaluation of Shock Stage for Suizhou Meteorite 236 7.1 General Remarks 236 7.2 General Shock Features of the Suizhou Meteorite 237 7.3 Shock Effects in the Suizhou Minerals 238 7.3.1 Olivine and Pyroxene 238 7.3.2 Plagioclase 238 7.3.3 FeNi Metal and Troilite 239 7.3.4 High-Pressure Minerals in Shock Melt Veins 239 7.4 Summary 240 References 240 8 P-T History of the Suizhou Meteorite 242 8.1 General Remarks 242 8.2 Comparison of Experimentally and Naturally Shocked Meteorites 243 8.2.1 Sample Preparation and Shock Experiments 243 8.2.2 Results of Shock Recovery Experiments on Jilin Chondrite 244 8.2.3 Shock Effects in Naturally Shocked H- and L-Group Meteorites 248 8.2.4 Comparison of Experimentally and Naturally Shocked Chondrites 251 8.2.5 Feasibility of Using Static High-Pressure Melting Experiments to Estimate the P-T Conditions of Natural Shock Events 254 8.3 First Evaluation of P-T History of the Suizhou Meteorite 257 8.4 Actual P-T History of the Suizhou Meteorite 257 8.4.1 P-T History of Suizhou Meteorite Evaluated from Melting of Plagioclase 257 8.4.2 P-T History of Suizhou Melt Veins Evaluated from High-Pressure Mineral Assemblages 258 8.4.3 P-T History of the Suizhou Meteorite 262 8.5 Summary 263 References 263 Postscript 267 Front Matter....Pages i-xiv General Introduction of the Suizhou Meteorite....Pages 1-20 Micro-Mineralogical Investigative Techniques....Pages 21-34 Mineralogy of Suizhou Unmelted Chondritic Rock....Pages 35-99 Distinct Morphological and Petrological Features of the Suizhou Shock Veins....Pages 101-115 Mineralogy of Suizhou Shock Veins....Pages 117-210 Shock-Induced Redistribution of Trace Elements....Pages 211-223 Evaluation of Shock Stage for Suizhou Meteorite....Pages 225-230 P-T History of the Suizhou Meteorite....Pages 231-255 Back Matter....Pages 257-258