Subtitling Norms for Television. An exploration focussing on extralinguistic cultural references.

In Most Subtitling Countries, Those Lines At The Bottom Of The Screen Are The Most Read Medium Of All, For Which Reason They Deserve All The Academic Attention They Can Get. This Monograph Represents A Large-scale Attempt To Provide Such Attention, By Exploring The Norms Of Subtitling For Television. It Does So By Empirically Investigating A Large Corpus Of Television Subtitles From Scandinavia, One Of The Bastions Of Subtitling, Along With Other European Data. The Aim Of The Book Is Twofold: First, To Provide An Advanced And Comprehensive Model For Investigating Translation Problems In The Form Of Extralinguistic Cultural References (ecrs). Second, To Empirically Explore Current European Television Subtitling Norms, And To Look Into Future Developments In This Area. This Book Will Be Of Interest To Anyone Interested In Gaining Access To State-of-the-art Tools For Translation Analysis, Or In Learning More About The Norms Of Subtitling, Based On Empirically Reliable And Current Material. Jan Pedersen. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Subtitling Norms for Television Editorial page Title page LCC data Dedication page Table of contents List of figures List of tables Abbreviations Acknowledgement Chapter 1: Subtitling as audiovisual translation 1.1. Audiovisual choice 1.2. The nature of subtitling 1.2.1 The subtitling process 1.2.2 The constraints of subtitling 1.2.3 A contract of illusion Chapter 2: Norms in general and particular 2.1. The Descriptive paradigm 2.2. In search of norms 2.3. The potency of norms 2.4. The content of norms 2.4.1 Toury’s norms 2.4.2 Chesterman’s norms 2.5. Norms, strategies and solutions Chapter 3: Extralinguistic Cultural References as translation problems 3.1. Translation problems 3.2. Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) 3.2.1 Selection criteria: Language and culture 3.2.2 Defining reference 3.2.3 What’s in a name? 3.2.4 The world of references 3.2.5 The domains of ECRs 3.3. Where ECRs are found and why Chapter 4: Translation strategies 4.1. Taxonomies of translation strategies 4.2. A taxonomy for rendering ECRs in subtitling 4.2.1 Retention: Keeping ST elements in the TT 4.2.2 Specification: Explaining ST items 4.2.3 Direct Translation 4.2.4 Generalization: Replacing the specific with the general 4.2.5 Substitution: replacing culture (with culture) 4.2.5.1 Cultural Substitution by Transcultural ECR 4.2.5.2 Cultural Substitution by Target Culture ECR 4.2.5.3 Situational Substitution 4.2.6 Omission: Deleting the ECR 4.2.7 Using an Official Equivalent: The ready-made solution 4.3. Product and process: A question of perspectives Chapter 5: Influencing parameters 5.1. Transculturality: How well known an ECR is 5.2. Extratextuality: The independent existence of ECRs 5.3. Centrality: How important an ECR is 5.4. Polysemiotics: The interplay between channels 5.5. Co-text: The rest of the dialogue 5.6. Media-specific constraints 5.7. The effects of the Subtitling Situation Chapter 6: Empirical subtitling norms for television 6.1. Material 6.1.1 Extratextual sources 6.1.2 The ESIST corpus 6.1.3 The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus 6.2. Technical norms: Subtitles coming and going 6.2.1 A diachronic study 6.2.1.1 Expected reading speed 6.2.1.2 Subtitle density 6.2.1.3 Condensation rate 6.2.2 Discussion of the development 6.3. How cultural references are rendered 6.3.1 Easy Rs in Swedish and Danish subtitles 6.3.2 Not so easy Rs in Swedish and Danish subtitles 6.3.2.1 Retention 6.3.2.2 Specification 6.3.2.3 Direct Translation 6.3.2.4 Generalization 6.3.2.5 Substitution 6.3.2.6 Omission 6.3.2.7 Official Equivalents 6.4. Directness in subtitling 6.5. Norm development over time: The case of Cultural Substitution 6.6. Formulating subtitling norms 6.6.1 Long versus short format: TV series vs. feature films 6.6.2 Differences of genre 6.6.3 Technical subtitling norms: Differences in subtitle density 6.6.4 Orientation norms: Foreign or domesticated subtitles 6.6.5 Guidance norms: Whether or not to aid the viewer 6.6.6 Lower-level norms Chapter 7: Prototypical subtitling 7.1. Brief summary 7.2. Defaults of subtitling Sources Primary Sources Main material Supplementary material Secondary sources Books, articles and web sites Audiovisual material not in the corpus Appendix A: The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus Abbreviations Films TV Programmes Appendix B: Glossary Index