Subatomic Physics (3rd Edition).

This is the third and fully updated edition of the classic textbook on physics at the subatomic level. An up-to-date and lucid introduction to both particle and nuclear physics, the book is suitable for both experimental and theoretical physics students at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate levels. Topics are introduced with key experiments and their background, encouraging students to think and empowering them with the capability of doing back-of-the-envelope calculations in a diversity of situations. Earlier important experiments and concepts as well as topics of current interest are covered, with extensive use of photographs and figures to convey principal concepts and show experimental data. The coverage includes new material on: • Detectors and accelerators • Nucleon elastic form factor data • Neutrinos, their masses and oscillations • Chiral theories and effective field theories, and lattice QCD • Relativistic heavy ions (RHIC) • Nuclear structure far from the region of stability • Particle astrophysics and cosmology Dedication......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 8 Preface to the First Edition......Page 10 Preface to the Third Edition......Page 12 General Bibliography......Page 14 1.1 Orders of Magnitude......Page 22 1.2 Units......Page 24 1.3 Special Relativity, Feynman Diagrams......Page 25 1.4 References......Page 29 I Tools......Page 32 2.1 Why Accelerators?......Page 34 2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity.......Page 37 2.3 Electrostatic Generators (Van de Graaff)......Page 39 2.4 Linear Accelerators (Linacs)......Page 41 2.5 Beam Optics......Page 43 2.6 Synchrotrons......Page 45 2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-Momentum Frames......Page 50 2.9 Superconducting Linacs......Page 52 2.10 Beam Storage and Cooling......Page 53 2.11 References......Page 55 Problems......Page 56 3.1 Concepts......Page 60 3.2 Heavy Charged Particles......Page 62 3.3 Photons......Page 66 3.4 Electrons......Page 67 3.5 Nuclear Interactions......Page 70 Problems......Page 71 4.1 Scintillation Counters......Page 74 4.2 Statistical Aspects......Page 77 4.3 Semiconductor Detectors......Page 80 4.4 Bubble Chambers......Page 83 4.5 Spark Chambers......Page 85 4.6 Wire Chambers......Page 86 4.7 Drift Chambers......Page 87 4.8 Time Projection Chambers......Page 88 4.9 ̆Cerenkov Counters......Page 89 4.10 Calorimeters......Page 90 4.11 Counter Electronics......Page 91 4.12 Electronics: Logic......Page 93 4.13 References......Page 94 Problems......Page 95 II Particles and Nuclei......Page 98 5.1 Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bosons......Page 100 5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment......Page 105 5.3 Mass Measurements......Page 108 5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo......Page 113 5.5 Gauge Bosons......Page 115 5.6 Leptons......Page 118 5.7 Decays......Page 119 5.8 Mesons......Page 124 5.9 Baryon Ground States......Page 126 5.10 Particles and Antiparticles......Page 129 5.11 Quarks, Gluons, and Intermediate Bosons......Page 133 5.12 Excited States and Resonances......Page 139 5.13 Excited States of Baryons......Page 143 5.14 References......Page 149 Problems......Page 150 6.1 The Approach: Elastic Scattering......Page 156 6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering......Page 157 6.3 Form Factors......Page 161 6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei......Page 164 6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles......Page 168 6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors......Page 174 6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon......Page 181 6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering......Page 182 6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering......Page 185 6.10 Quark–Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering......Page 187 6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure......Page 193 6.12 References......Page 210 Problems......Page 211 III Symmetries and Conservation Laws......Page 216 7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries......Page 218 7.2 The Electric Charge......Page 224 7.3 The Baryon Number......Page 227 7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number......Page 229 7.5 Strangeness Flavor......Page 232 7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks......Page 235 7.7 References......Page 237 Problems......Page 238 8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation......Page 242 8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field......Page 244 8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces......Page 245 8.4 The Nucleon Isospin......Page 246 8.5 Isospin Invariance......Page 247 8.6 Isospin of Particles......Page 249 8.7 Isospin in Nuclei......Page 253 8.8 References......Page 256 Problems......Page 257 9.1 The Parity Operation......Page 260 9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles......Page 264 9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity......Page 268 9.4 Charge Conjugation......Page 273 9.5 Time Reversal......Page 277 9.6 The Two-State Problem......Page 281 9.7 The Neutral Kaons......Page 284 9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance......Page 289 9.9 References......Page 292 Problems......Page 293 IV Interactions......Page 300 10.1 The Golden Rule......Page 302 10.2 Phase Space......Page 307 10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction......Page 310 10.4 Photon Emission......Page 313 10.5 Multipole Radiation......Page 320 10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons......Page 324 10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon–Hadron Interaction......Page 328 10.8 Colliding Beams......Page 332 10.9 Electron–Positron Collisions and Quarks......Page 335 10.10 The Photon–Hadron Interaction: Real and Spacelike Photons......Page 338 10.11 Magnetic Monopoles......Page 344 10.12 References......Page 345 Problems......Page 346 11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum......Page 352 11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes......Page 356 11.3 The Current–Current Interaction of the Standard Model......Page 358 11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes......Page 363 11.5 The Muon Decay......Page 367 11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons......Page 369 11.7 Chirality versus Helicity......Page 374 11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF......Page 375 11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix......Page 376 11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics......Page 377 11.11 Inverse Beta Decay: Reines and Cowan’s Detection of Neutrinos......Page 382 11.12 Massive Neutrinos......Page 384 11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos......Page 386 11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies......Page 387 11.15 References......Page 396 Problems......Page 397 12.1 Introduction......Page 404 12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics—The Aharonov–Bohm Effect......Page 407 12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields......Page 409 12.4 The Higgs Mechanism; Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking......Page 414 Problems......Page 422 13.1 Introduction......Page 424 13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin......Page 425 13.3 The Electroweak Interaction......Page 429 13.4 Tests of the Standard Model......Page 435 13.5 References......Page 439 Problems......Page 440 14 Strong Interactions......Page 442 14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions......Page 443 14.2 The Pion–Nucleon Interaction—Survey......Page 446 14.3 The Form of the Pion–Nucleon Interaction......Page 451 14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces......Page 453 14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon–Nucleon Force......Page 455 14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon–Nucleon Force......Page 463 14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies......Page 466 14.8 The Standard Model, Quantum Chromodynamics......Page 472 14.9 QCD at Low Energies......Page 477 14.10 Grand Unified Theories, Supersymmetry, String Theories......Page 479 14.11 References......Page 481 Problems......Page 483 V Models......Page 490 15.1 Introduction......Page 492 15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons......Page 493 15.3 Hunting the Quark......Page 495 15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States......Page 496 15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States......Page 499 15.6 The Hadron Masses......Page 501 15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons......Page 504 15.8 Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Upsilon,......Page 512 15.9 Outlook and Problems......Page 514 15.10 References......Page 515 Problems......Page 517 16.1 The Liquid Drop Model......Page 522 16.2 The Fermi Gas Model......Page 527 16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions......Page 529 16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions......Page 532 Problems......Page 536 17 The Shell Model......Page 542 17.1 The Magic Numbers......Page 543 17.2 The Closed Shells......Page 545 17.3 The Spin–Orbit Interaction......Page 550 17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model......Page 552 17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model......Page 554 17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances......Page 556 17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability......Page 558 17.8 References......Page 559 Problems......Page 560 18 Collective Model......Page 564 18.1 Nuclear Deformations......Page 565 18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei......Page 568 18.3 Rotational Families......Page 572 18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei (Nilsson Model)......Page 575 18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei......Page 579 18.6 The Interacting Boson Model......Page 583 18.7 Highly Excited States; Giant Resonances......Page 585 18.8 Nuclear Models—Concluding Remarks......Page 588 18.9 References......Page 591 Problems......Page 592 19.1 The Beginning of the Universe......Page 600 19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis......Page 606 19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis......Page 607 19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars......Page 613 19.5 Cosmic Rays......Page 617 19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology......Page 622 19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess......Page 623 19.8 References......Page 624 Problems......Page 627 Index......Page 630 Contents 16 Dedication 16 Acknowledgments 8 Preface to the First Edition 10 Preface to the Third Edition 12 General Bibliography 14 1 Background and Language 22 1.1 Orders of Magnitude 22 1.2 Units 24 1.3 Special Relativity, Feynman Diagrams 25 1.4 References 29 I Tools 32 2 Accelerators 34 2.1 Why Accelerators? 34 2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity. 37 2.3 Electrostatic Generators (Van de Graaff) 39 2.4 Linear Accelerators (Linacs) 41 2.5 Beam Optics 43 2.6 Synchrotrons 45 2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-Momentum Frames 50 2.8 Colliding Beams 52 2.9 Superconducting Linacs 52 2.10 Beam Storage and Cooling 53 2.11 References 55 Problems 56 3 Passage of Radiation Through Matter 60 3.1 Concepts 60 3.2 Heavy Charged Particles 62 3.3 Photons 66 3.4 Electrons 67 3.5 Nuclear Interactions 70 3.6 References 71 Problems 71 4 Detectors 74 4.1 Scintillation Counters 74 4.2 Statistical Aspects 77 4.3 Semiconductor Detectors 80 4.4 Bubble Chambers 83 4.5 Spark Chambers 85 4.6 Wire Chambers 86 4.7 Drift Chambers 87 4.8 Time Projection Chambers 88 4.9 ̆Cerenkov Counters 89 4.10 Calorimeters 90 4.11 Counter Electronics 91 4.12 Electronics: Logic 93 4.13 References 94 Problems 95 II Particles and Nuclei 98 5 The Subatomic Zoo 100 5.1 Mass and Spin. Fermions and Bosons 100 5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment 105 5.3 Mass Measurements 108 5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo 113 5.5 Gauge Bosons 115 5.6 Leptons 118 5.7 Decays 119 5.8 Mesons 124 5.9 Baryon Ground States 126 5.10 Particles and Antiparticles 129 5.11 Quarks, Gluons, and Intermediate Bosons 133 5.12 Excited States and Resonances 139 5.13 Excited States of Baryons 143 5.14 References 149 Problems 150 6 Structure of Subatomic Particles 156 6.1 The Approach: Elastic Scattering 156 6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering 157 6.3 Form Factors 161 6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei 164 6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles 168 6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 174 6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon 181 6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering 182 6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering 185 6.10 Quark–Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering 187 6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure 193 6.12 References 210 Problems 211 III Symmetries and Conservation Laws 216 7 Additive Conservation Laws 218 7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries 218 7.2 The Electric Charge 224 7.3 The Baryon Number 227 7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number 229 7.5 Strangeness Flavor 232 7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks 235 7.7 References 237 Problems 238 8 Angular Momentum and Isospin 242 8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation 242 8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field 244 8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces 245 8.4 The Nucleon Isospin 246 8.5 Isospin Invariance 247 8.6 Isospin of Particles 249 8.7 Isospin in Nuclei 253 8.8 References 256 Problems 257 9 P, C, CP, and T 260 9.1 The Parity Operation 260 9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles 264 9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity 268 9.4 Charge Conjugation 273 9.5 Time Reversal 277 9.6 The Two-State Problem 281 9.7 The Neutral Kaons 284 9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance 289 9.9 References 292 Problems 293 IV Interactions 300 10 The Electromagnetic Interaction 302 10.1 The Golden Rule 302 10.2 Phase Space 307 10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction 310 10.4 Photon Emission 313 10.5 Multipole Radiation 320 10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons 324 10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon–Hadron Interaction 328 10.8 Colliding Beams 332 10.9 Electron–Positron Collisions and Quarks 335 10.10 The Photon–Hadron Interaction: Real and Spacelike Photons 338 10.11 Magnetic Monopoles 344 10.12 References 345 Problems 346 11 The Weak Interaction 352 11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum 352 11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes 356 11.3 The Current–Current Interaction of the Standard Model 358 11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes 363 11.5 The Muon Decay 367 11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons 369 11.7 Chirality versus Helicity 374 11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF 375 11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix 376 11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics 377 11.11 Inverse Beta Decay: Reines and Cowan’s Detection of Neutrinos 382 11.12 Massive Neutrinos 384 11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos 386 11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies 387 11.15 References 396 Problems 397 12 Introduction to Gauge Theories 404 12.1 Introduction 404 12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics—The Aharonov–Bohm Effect 407 12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields 409 12.4 The Higgs Mechanism; Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 414 12.5 General References 422 Problems 422 13 The Electroweak Theory of the Standard Model 424 13.1 Introduction 424 13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin 425 13.3 The Electroweak Interaction 429 13.4 Tests of the Standard Model 435 13.5 References 439 Problems 440 14 Strong Interactions 442 14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions 443 14.2 The Pion–Nucleon Interaction—Survey 446 14.3 The Form of the Pion–Nucleon Interaction 451 14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces 453 14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon–Nucleon Force 455 14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon–Nucleon Force 463 14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies 466 14.8 The Standard Model, Quantum Chromodynamics 472 14.9 QCD at Low Energies 477 14.10 Grand Unified Theories, Supersymmetry, String Theories 479 14.11 References 481 Problems 483 V Models 490 15 Quark Models of Mesons and Baryons 492 15.1 Introduction 492 15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons 493 15.3 Hunting the Quark 495 15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States 496 15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States 499 15.6 The Hadron Masses 501 15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons 504 15.8 Heavy Mesons: Charmonium, Upsilon, 512 15.9 Outlook and Problems 514 15.10 References 515 Problems 517 16 Liquid Drop Model, Fermi Gas Model, Heavy Ions 522 16.1 The Liquid Drop Model 522 16.2 The Fermi Gas Model 527 16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions 529 16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 532 16.5 References 536 Problems 536 17 The Shell Model 542 17.1 The Magic Numbers 543 17.2 The Closed Shells 545 17.3 The Spin–Orbit Interaction 550 17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model 552 17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model 554 17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances 556 17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability 558 17.8 References 559 Problems 560 18 Collective Model 564 18.1 Nuclear Deformations 565 18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei 568 18.3 Rotational Families 572 18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei (Nilsson Model) 575 18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei 579 18.6 The Interacting Boson Model 583 18.7 Highly Excited States; Giant Resonances 585 18.8 Nuclear Models—Concluding Remarks 588 18.9 References 591 Problems 592 19 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics 600 19.1 The Beginning of the Universe 600 19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis 606 19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis 607 19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars 613 19.5 Cosmic Rays 617 19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology 622 19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess 623 19.8 References 624 Problems 627 Index 630 # Hardcover: 640 pages # Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company; 3 edition (July 13,2007) # Language: English # ISBN-10: 9812700560 # ISBN-13: 978-9812700568 This Is The Third And Fully Updated Edition Of The Classic Textbook On Physics At The Subatomic Level. An Up-to-date And Lucid Introduction To Both Particle And Nuclear Physics, The Book Is Suitable For Both Experimental And Theoretical Physics Students At The Senior Undergraduate And Beginning Graduate Levels.--book Jacket. Background And Language -- Accelerators -- Passage Of Radiation Through Matter -- Detectors -- The Subatomic Zoo -- Structure Of Subatomic Particles -- Additive Conservation Laws -- Angular Momentum And Isospin -- P, C, Cp, And T -- The Electromagnetic Interaction -- The Weak Interaction -- Introduction To Gauge Theories -- The Electroweak Theory Of The Standard Model -- Strong Interactions -- Quark Models Of Mesons And Baryons -- Liquid Drop Model, Fermi Gas Model, Heavy Ions -- The Shell Model -- Collective Model -- Nuclear And Particle Astrophysics. Ernest M. Henley, Alejandro García Includes Bibliographical References And Index. "This is the third and fully updated edition of the classic textbook on physics at the subatomic level. An up-to-date and lucid introduction to both particle and nuclear physics, the book is suitable for both experimental and theoretical physics students at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate levels. Topics are introduced with key experiments and their background, encouraging students to think and empowering them with the capability of doing back-of-the-envelope calculations in a diversity of situations. Earlier important experiments and concepts as well as topics of current interest are covered, with extensive use of photographs and figures to convey principal concepts and show experimental data."--Publisher's description Featuring an introduction to both particle and nuclear physics, this book is suitable for both experimental and theoretical physics students. It makes use of Lagrangians rather than Hamiltonians (where appropriate) and greater use of relativistic notations. It includes material on topics such as: detectors and accelerators and neutrinos.