Studyguide for Child And Adolescent Obesity: Causes And Consequences, Prevention And Management by Burniat, ISBN 9780521026642 by Cram101 Textbook Reviews (2014-06-09) Paperback

This book addresses the ever increasing problem of obesity in children and adolescents, the long-term health and social problems that arise from this, and approaches to prevention and management. Aimed at doctors, and all health-care professionals, it will be of interest to all those concerned with the increasing prevalence of obesity in both the developed and developing world. It covers all aspects of obesity from epidemiology and prevention to recent developments in biochemistry and genetics, and to the varied approaches to management which are influenced by social and clinical need. A foreword by William Dietz and a forward-looking 'future perspectives' conclusion by Philip James embrace an international team of authors, all with first-hand experience of the issues posed by obesity in the young. This comprehensive survey of an important and growing medical problem will help inform, influence and educate those charged with tackling this crisis. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 13 Foreword......Page 17 REFERENCES......Page 19 Preface......Page 21 Part I Causes......Page 23 1.1 Introduction......Page 25 1.3.1 Research methods......Page 26 Measurement technique......Page 28 Percent of median, centiles and Z-scores......Page 29 Weight/height uncorrelated with height......Page 30 Body mass index......Page 31 Indices based on weight centile and height centile......Page 32 Skinfold thickness......Page 34 Circumferences and diameters......Page 35 1.4.2 Morbidity and mortality......Page 36 1.5.1 Associated outcome measure......Page 37 1.5.2 Defining the cut-off......Page 38 1.5.3 WHO definition......Page 39 1.5.4 IOTF definition......Page 40 1.7 REFERENCES......Page 44 2.2.1 Definition......Page 50 What is done in practice?......Page 51 2.3.1 Current prevalence......Page 56 2.3.3 What can we learn from the BMI distribution?......Page 57 Heritability......Page 61 Socioeconomic status......Page 62 Ethnicity......Page 63 Critical periods of growth......Page 64 2.4 Conclusions......Page 66 2.5 REFERENCES......Page 67 3.1 Introduction......Page 72 3.2 Regulation of body weight......Page 73 3.3 Single gene defects......Page 74 3.3.3 Prohormone convertase 1 (PC 1) defect......Page 75 3.3.6 Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor Gama-2 (PPARGama-2) defect......Page 76 3.5 Changes of body fat stores during development......Page 77 3.6 Changes at cellular level related to changes in body fat......Page 79 3.7 Lipid storage in adipose tissue (lipogenesis)......Page 80 3.8 Lipid mobilization (lipolysis)......Page 81 3.9 Preadipocytes in human adipose tissue......Page 82 3.11 Adipogenic activity of human serum......Page 83 3.12 Hormonal and nutritional factors regulating adipose differentiation......Page 84 3.13 Human adipocytes are secretory cells......Page 87 3.14 Conclusions......Page 88 3.15 REFERENCES......Page 89 4.2 Secular trends of nutrition and obesity......Page 91 Cross-sectional studies......Page 96 Retrospective analysis and longitudinal studies......Page 98 4.3.2 Relationship between macronutrient intake and body fat distribution......Page 100 4.4.1 Circadian distribution of food intake and adiposity......Page 101 4.4.2 Daily meal number......Page 102 4.4.4 Binge eating......Page 103 4.4.6 Food preferences......Page 104 4.5 Lifestyle......Page 105 4.6 Conclusions......Page 107 4.7 REFERENCES......Page 108 5.2 Energy expenditure assessment......Page 115 5.3 Energy intake vs. energy expenditure......Page 116 5.4.1 Basal metabolic rate......Page 117 5.4.2 Meal-induced thermogenesis......Page 118 5.4.3 Physical activity......Page 119 5.5 Excess energy intake vs. low energy expenditure......Page 120 5.5.1 Reduced energy expenditure as a predictor of weight gain......Page 121 5.5.2 The impact of television......Page 122 5.6 Aerobic capacity... in obesity......Page 123 5.7 Substrate oxidation and substrate balance......Page 124 5.8 Conclusions......Page 126 5.9 REFERENCES......Page 127 6.1 Children’s social background......Page 131 6.2.1 Children’s perception of obesity......Page 133 6.2.2 Attributions of health and social class effects......Page 134 6.2.3 Stereotyping......Page 136 6.3.1 Self-perception and self-esteem......Page 137 6.3.2 Self-esteem conceptualization and assessment......Page 138 6.4 Parents and peers......Page 140 6.4.1 Parental control of eating......Page 141 6.4.2 Family interaction and functioning......Page 142 6.4.3 Peer behaviour......Page 143 6.5 Conclusions......Page 144 6.6 REFERENCES......Page 145 Part II Consequences......Page 151 7.1 Clinical findings and immediate adverse effects......Page 153 Height for age......Page 155 Pubertal development......Page 156 Acanthosis nigricans (AN)......Page 157 Blount’s disease......Page 158 7.1.5 Gastrointestinal problems......Page 159 Sleep disorders......Page 160 7.1.8 Immunological problems......Page 161 Hyperinsulinaemia......Page 162 Dyslipidaemia......Page 163 7.2 Intermediate medical consequences......Page 164 7.2.2 Psychosocial problems......Page 165 7.2.3 Cardiovascular consequences......Page 166 7.3 Long-term consequences......Page 167 7.4 REFERENCES......Page 169 8.1.1 Introduction......Page 176 8.1.3 Body composition and energy expenditure......Page 177 8.1.5 Genetic background and critical periods......Page 178 8.1.6 Cardiovascular risk factors......Page 179 8.1.7 Other endocrinological disorders and contraception......Page 180 8.1.9 Complications......Page 181 8.2 Psychological aspects......Page 182 8.2.1 The adolescent psyche......Page 183 8.2.3 How to approach the obese adolescent......Page 184 8.2.4 The severely obese adolescent with problems......Page 185 8.2.5 Day-care programmes......Page 186 8.2.6 Eating disorders and obesity......Page 187 8.3 REFERENCES......Page 188 9.2.1 Hypothyroidism......Page 193 9.2.2 Cushing’s syndrome and hyperadrenocorticism......Page 195 Perinatal features......Page 196 Childhood......Page 198 9.3.2 Diagnosis......Page 200 9.3.4 Management......Page 201 9.4 Other obesity syndromes......Page 202 9.4.1 Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS)......Page 203 9.4.5 Borjeson–Forssman–Lehmann syndrome (BFLS)......Page 204 9.4.7 Cohen syndrome (or Pepper syndrome)......Page 205 9.5 REFERENCES......Page 206 10 Hormonal and metabolic changes......Page 211 10.1 Pituitary–adrenal axis......Page 212 10.2.1 Ovary......Page 214 10.3 Pituitary–thyroid axis......Page 216 10.4 Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors......Page 217 10.5 Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance......Page 220 10.6 Leptin......Page 225 10.6.1 Leptin and obesity......Page 226 10.6.3 Leptin and sexual dimorphism......Page 228 10.6.4 Leptin and puberty......Page 229 10.6.5 Other functions of leptin......Page 230 10.7 REFERENCES......Page 231 11.1 Introduction......Page 243 11.1.1 Classification of overweight......Page 244 11.2 Secular trends......Page 245 11.3 Associations with risk factors......Page 246 11.3.1 Overweight and lipid testing......Page 251 11.4 Body fat patterning......Page 252 11.5.2 Relation of childhood overweight to subsequent disease......Page 256 11.7 REFERENCES......Page 257 Part III Prevention and management......Page 263 12.2.1 Primary prevention......Page 265 12.2.2 The target population......Page 266 12.3 Prevention strategy......Page 267 12.3.2 Reduce energy intake......Page 268 12.3.3 Reduce television watching......Page 269 12.4 Responsibilities for prevention......Page 270 Child......Page 271 12.4.3 Health professionals......Page 272 12.4.5 Industry......Page 273 12.5.1 Family......Page 274 12.5.3 Health professionals......Page 275 National government......Page 276 12.5.6 Television......Page 278 Avoid meal skipping......Page 279 Eat good food......Page 280 12.6.2 School......Page 281 12.6.3 Health profession......Page 282 12.6.4 Government......Page 283 12.6.6 Television......Page 284 12.7 Prevention programmes......Page 285 12.9 Conclusions......Page 286 12.10 REFERENCES......Page 287 13.1.1 Goals of slimming......Page 292 13.1.2 Can we do any good by formalizing slimming?......Page 293 13.1.3 The part played by the family......Page 294 13.2 Principles of modifying lifestyles to encourage slimming in obese children......Page 295 Avoid overindulgence in weighing......Page 296 13.3.1 Activity......Page 297 13.3.2 Suggestions for increasing energy expenditure without dramatic lifestyle changes......Page 298 13.4.1 Lifestyle changes in feeding patterns which may help fat reduction......Page 299 13.4.3 Changes in the energy content of diets which have little impact on the volume of food consumed......Page 300 13.6 REFERENCES......Page 302 14.2 History of dietary therapy......Page 304 14.3 Aims of dietary treatment......Page 305 14.4.2 Balanced low-calorie diet......Page 306 14.4.3 Very-low-calorie diet......Page 308 Fat mass reduction and healthier body fat distribution......Page 312 Reduced plasma lipids and apolipoprotein levels......Page 313 Reduced blood pressure......Page 314 Lean body mass loss......Page 315 Reduced linear-growth velocity......Page 319 Gallstones......Page 320 14.6 Guidelines for weight goals and dietetic treatments......Page 321 14.7 Conclusions......Page 323 14.8 REFERENCES......Page 324 15.1 Introduction......Page 329 15.2 Aims of the programmes......Page 330 15.3 Efficacy of exercise in lowering fat mass......Page 332 15.4 General principles......Page 335 15.5.1 Leisure time......Page 336 15.5.2 The choice of exercise for the obese child......Page 337 Breathing exercises......Page 340 Exercising individual parts of the body......Page 341 15.6 How to improve compliance......Page 342 15.7 The role of the family......Page 343 15.8 Conclusions......Page 344 15.9 REFERENCES......Page 345 16.1.1 Psychosocial aspects of society......Page 349 16.2.1 Why do we need new treatments?......Page 350 16.2.3 Behavioural and cognitive therapies – a traditional and a new approach......Page 351 16.2.4 Group therapy – more research is needed......Page 353 16.2.5 School-based treatments – the basic approach......Page 354 16.2.7 Family therapy – a new view on treatment......Page 355 Linear questions......Page 357 Circular questions......Page 358 16.2.9 Perspective on different psychotherapies......Page 359 Obesity type A......Page 360 Obesity type B......Page 361 16.3 Conclusions......Page 362 16.4 REFERENCES......Page 363 17.1.1 Noradrenergic agents......Page 367 Phentermine......Page 368 Dexfenfluramine......Page 369 17.2.1 Ephedrine and xanthines......Page 370 17.3.1 Lipase inhibitor......Page 371 17.4 Hormone analogues and antagonists......Page 372 17.5 REFERENCES......Page 374 18.2.2 Gastrointestinal bariatric surgery in adults......Page 377 18.2.3 Complications......Page 378 18.3 Bariatric surgery in adolescence......Page 379 18.5 REFERENCES......Page 380 19.1 Goal and general philosophy......Page 383 19.2.1 Psychoeducation......Page 386 19.2.3 Exercise......Page 387 19.2.4 Behaviour management......Page 388 19.2.5 Parent training......Page 389 19.2.6 Assertiveness training and social-skills training......Page 390 19.2.7 Psychiatric Intervention......Page 391 19.3.1 Organizational aspects of the therapeutic process......Page 392 The standardized treatment: interdisciplinary management running through the programme......Page 393 Integrating the two approaches: interdisciplinarity embedded in the organization......Page 394 19.3.2 Collaboration problems......Page 395 19.5 REFERENCES......Page 396 20.1 Historical background and implementation......Page 399 20.2.1 Screening......Page 400 The dietetic approach......Page 402 Physical training......Page 403 Psychological support......Page 405 Family involvement......Page 406 20.3 Results and outcome......Page 407 20.5 REFERENCES......Page 408 21.2 Assessment of childhood obesity......Page 411 21.3 Ethnic differences in children’s anthropometry......Page 413 21.4 The Thrifty Genotype......Page 415 21.5 The prevalence of childhood obesity......Page 416 21.6 Weaning practices and early eating habits......Page 417 21.7 The ‘obesogenic’ environment......Page 418 21.8 Can policy initiatives work?......Page 419 21.9 Devising and implementing new policies......Page 421 21.10 REFERENCES......Page 423 Index......Page 425

this Book Addresses The Ever Increasing Problem Of Obesity In Children And Adolescents.

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reviewer:roula Tzianetas, Rdn, Basc (university Of British Columbia)
description:this Overview Of Childhood Obesity Includes Literature From Various Studies That Look At The Causes, Consequences, And Prevention And Treatment Of Childhood Obesity.
purpose:the Purpose Is To Increase Awareness Of Childhood Obesity And The Complexity Of This Health Concern Among Health Professionals And Society. In Addition, The Authors Intend To Provide Some Practical Expertise. The Objectives Are Very Worthy And This Collaboration Is Greatly Needed To Disseminate A Collection Of Research On Childhood Obesity. Although The Book Provides Information On The Causes, Consequences, And Treatment Options For Childhood Obesity, There Is Limited Information On The Outcomes Of Some Of The Treatment Strategies (i.e., How Do Things Work In Practice? What Strategies Work And Do Not Work With Children).
audience:according To The Authors, The Book Is Primarily Written For Health And Research Workers. It Is Also Suggested That The Book Will Reach A Wider Group Of Individuals That The Authors Have Not Specified. In My Opinion, The Book Is Written At A Level For Health Professionals And I Do Not Believe It Is User-friendly For The General Population. The Majority Of The Authors Have A Wide Variety Of Experience In Certain Areas Of Childhood Obesity.
features:the Book Addresses A Variety Of Topics That Relate To Childhood Obesity. It Begins With A Description Of The Pathology, Epidemiology, And Sociological Issues Surrounding Obesity. It Provides A Synopsis Of The Possible Clinical Outcomes Of Childhood Obesity And An Overview Of The Prevention Strategies Such As Diet, Activity, And Drug Therapies. Most Interesting Is The Concluding Chapter That Focuses On Future Issues And Research Opportunities In This Area. While The Authors' Intentions May Have Been Good, I Question The Use Of The Drawing On The Cover. As Health Practitioners Working With Children, We Need To Have Empathy, But I Found That The Drawing May Be Interpreted In A Negative Manner By Individuals Who Live With Obesity. I Think It Continues To Perpetuate The Stigma Associated With Obesity And Would Prefer A Comprehensive Picture Of Body Images On The Cover. Realizing That The Book Cannot Cover Every Topic Extensively, I Would Like To Have Seen A Review Of How Some Of The Practical Applications Work With Children Living With Obesity. Specifically, Reviewing The Current Research On Behavior Modification (i.e., Why Do Some Children Change; What Influences Their Change; What Are Their Experiences; What Works And Doesn't Work With Regards To Behavior Modification And The Outcomes Of These Strategies). Lastly, The Use Of The Term Slimming Is An Important Issue. The Authors Need To Present Their Interpretation And Use Of This Term, Since It Can Be Misinterpreted. It May Conjure Up An Image Of Needing To Be Thinner Where Our Goal As Health Professionals Is To Encourage Healthy Weights For Children So That They Can Live Healthy Lives.
assessment:this Book Covers A Complex Topic Taking Into Consideration A Wide Variety Of Determinants Of Obesity. The Synopsis Of The Material Is Very Useful To Health Professionals As It Provides Updated Information And Raises Many Questions For Future Research.

This book addresses the ever-increasing problem of obesity in children and adolescents, the long-term health and social problems that arise from this, and approaches to prevention and management. Aimed at doctors, and all health-care professionals, it will be of interest to all those concerned with the increasing prevalence of obesity in both the developed and developing world. It covers all aspects of obesity from epidemiology and prevention to recent developments in biochemistry and genetics, and to the varied approaches to management which are influenced by social and clinical need. A foreword by William Dietz and a forward looking 'future perspectives' conclusion by Philip James embrace an international team of authors, all with first hand experience of the issues posed by obesity in the young. This comprehensive survey of an important and growing medical problem will help inform, influence and educate those charged with tackling this crisis.