Studies by Einar Haugen : Presented on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, April 19, 1971

## PREFACE as listed in the "Acknowledgements" in this volume; to Professor Cornelius H.van Schooneveld for his willingness to include this collection in his Janua Linguarum, Series Maior; to Mr. Peter de Ridder, editor of Mouton and Company, for having made the publication possible without financial subsidy; to Mrs. Eva Haugen for helping us with the preparation of the bibliography; to Mr.Gylfi Már Gudbergsson and Mrs.Vigdís Sigurdardóttir for redrawing the maps in this volume; to Mr.Lars Wendelius and Miss Karleen Kosiak for helping with the proof reading; to Professor W. Freeman Twaddell for permitting us to reprint the article "Facts and phonemics" written in collaboration with Einar Haugen; to Professor Martin Joos, co-author, for his permission to reprint "Tone and intonation in East Norwegian". Last, but hardly least, we thank Einar Haugen himself for selecting the articles included in this volume. He was kind enough to add comments to most of his earlier studies, which we are sure will be useful to our readers. Furthermore, he has allowed us to include one article, "Simultaneous Phonemes", written in 1957, which has never before appeared in print. While he has helped us in every conceivable way in the preparation of this book, the editors, of course, acknowledge their responsibility for whatever errors may be contained therein. Finally, we wish to extend our congratulations to the author on this happy and memorable occasion. We hope he will be pleased to see his multitudinous spiritual progeny thus assembled in his honor, as pleased as we and a whole generation of students of linguistics have been in encountering them separately over the years. Preface Acknowledgements Einar Haugen Bibliography 1. The linguistic development of Ivar Aasen’s New Norse (1933) 2. Ivar Aasen as a writer of Dano-Norwegian (1932) 3. Phonological shifting in American Norwegian (1938) 4. Notes on ‘voiced t’ in American English (1938) 5. Et norsk ordregister under utarbeidelse (1939) 6. On the consonant pattern of modern Icelandic (1941) 7. Facts and phonemics (with W.F. Twaddell) (1942) 8. On the stressed vowel systems of Norwegian (1942) 9. Analysis of a sound group: sl and tl in Norwegian (1942) 10. Mere om r-bortfall i sørøstlandsk (1948) 11. The unstressed vowels of Old Icelandic (1949) 12. A note on the Romany ‘language’ (1949) 13. Phoneme or prosodeme? (1949) 14. The analysis of linguistic borrowing (1950) 15. Directions in modern linguistics (1951) 16. From army camp to classroom: the story of an elementary language text (1951) 17. Tone and intonation in East Norwegian (with Martin Joos) (1952) 18. The impact of English on American-Norwegian letter writing (1952) 19. Review: U. Weinreich, Languages in Contact (1954) 20. Review: L. Hjelmslev, Prolegomena to a Theory of Language (1954) 21. Tvetoppet vokal i oppdalsmålet (1954) 22. Some pleasures and problems of bilingual research (1954) 23. Problems of bilingual description (1954) 24. Tonelagsanalyse (1955) 25. Linguists and the wartime program of language teaching (1955) 26. Elements of bilingual description (1955) 27. The syllable in linguistic description (1956) 28. Syllabification in Kutenai (1956) 29. Review: H. Gneuss, Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen (1956) 30. The phoneme in bilingual description (1956/57) 31. Simultaneous phonemes (1957, unpublished) 32. The semantics of Icelandic orientation (1957) 33. The phonemics of modern Icelandic (1958) 34. New paths in American language teaching (1959) 35. Japanese phonemics: some alternative solutions (1960) 36. From idiolect to language (1960) 37. Language planning in modern Norway (1961) 38. On diagramming vowel systems (1962) 39. Schizoglossia and the linguistic norm (1962) 40. Pitch accent and tonemic juncture in Scandinavian (1963) 41. Notes on a dictionary: John Brynildsen’s Norsk-engelsk ordbok (1963) 42. Construction and reconstruction in language planning: Ivar Aasen’s grammar (1965) 43. Semicommunication: The language gap in Scandinavia (1966) 44. Dialect, language, nation (1966) 45. Linguistics and language planning (1966) 46. On the rules of Norwegian tonality (1967) 47. The mythical structure of the ancient Scandinavians: Some thoughts on reading Dumézil (1967) 48. The Scandinavian languages as cultural artifacts (1968) 49. Isoglosses within a dialect (1968) 50. On the parsimony of the younger futhark (1969) 51. On the pronunciation of Old Norse (1969) Name Index Subject Index

Meanings of words are constantly changing, and the forces driving these changes are varied and diverse. Linguistic analyses are usually concerned with language-internal processes, while investigations of language-external historical developments tend to disregard linguistic considerations. It is evident, however, that an investigation of diachronic semantics will have to consider both sides: a specific theory of meaning including a proper place for lexical semantics on the one hand, and incorporate knowledge about the world and the social and cultural environment of speakers who use language as a tool for communication on the other.

The collection focuses on meaning change as a topic of interdisciplinary research. Distinguished scholars in diachronic semantics, general linguistics, classical philology, philosophy of language, anthropology and history offer in depth studies of language internal and external factors of meaning change. This broad range of perspectives, unprecedented in research publications of recent years, is a pioneering attempt to mirror the multi-facetteous nature of language as a formal, social, cognitive, cultural and historical entity. The contributions, each exploring the research issues, methods and techniques of their particular field, are directed towards a broader audience of interested readers, thus enhancing interdisciplinary exchange.