Students Guide to the US Supreme Court (Student's Guides to the U. S. Government)

This is an indispensable reference for students studying the Court. Specifically written to engage high-school students, "Student's Guide to the Supreme Court" presents a comprehensive overview of the history, traditions, and people of the highest court in the land. This one-stop source does not require any prior knowledge of the Supreme Court and covers topics that meet national high school curriculum standards. Part One consists of three informative essays: The Supreme Court - The Weakest or the Strongest Branch? How Does the President Nominate a Supreme Court Justice? Do They Matter? And how Supreme Court Decisions Affect Modern American Life. Part Two is an alphabetical section of key words and legal concepts spanning abortion to writs of mandamus. The members of the current Roberts Court, including Sonia Sotomayor, are profiled here, as are all chief justices and notable associate justices. Part Three complements the first two sections with a generous sampling of influential primary source documents, including landmark decisions, excerpts from justices, papers, political cartoons, and constitutional provisions related to the Supreme Court. It is easy-to-read; aligns with high school curriculum; and, unique three-part format. Cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Illustrations......Page 9 Reader’s Guide......Page 11 About the Advisory Editor......Page 14 Preface......Page 15 Historical Milestones of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1787–2009: A Timeline......Page 17 Constitutional Roots of the Question......Page 26 The First Court: Was Hamilton a Prophet?......Page 28 Establishing Power......Page 29 Presidential Power and the Civil War......Page 30 Protection for Business......Page 32 The Court and FDR......Page 34 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights......Page 36 Conservative Backlash......Page 37 The Court in the Twenty-First Century......Page 40 Constitutional Requirements......Page 42 Choosing a Nominee......Page 44 Judicial Surprises......Page 47 The Confimation Process......Page 48 Controversial Nominees......Page 49 How Does the Supreme Court Affect Citizens Today?......Page 52 Hearing Appeals and the Weight of Precedent......Page 53 The Exclusionary Rule as an Example......Page 54 Ongoing Interpretations......Page 57 Constitutional Issues......Page 59 Landmark Cases......Page 60 Affimative Action......Page 61 Aliens, Protection of......Page 62 Alito, Samuel A. (1950– )......Page 63 Articles of Confederation......Page 65 Associate Justices......Page 66 Automobile Searches......Page 68 Basis of the Case......Page 70 Dissent and Aftermath......Page 71 Bill of Rights......Page 72 Extending the Bill of Rights......Page 73 Bills of Attainder......Page 75 Brandeis, Louis D. (1856–1941)......Page 76 Brennan, William Joseph Jr. (1906–1997)......Page 78 Breyer, Stephen (1938– )......Page 79 Basis of the Case......Page 80 Supreme Court Arguments......Page 82 Burger, Warren E. (1907–1995)......Page 84 Burr, Aaron, Trial of......Page 85 Background......Page 86 Supreme Court Intervention......Page 87 Restrictive Taxation......Page 90 Checks and Balances......Page 91 Chief Justice of the United States......Page 92 Child Labor......Page 94 Naturalization......Page 98 Civil Rights and the Supreme Court......Page 100 Twentieth Century Progress......Page 101 Confessions......Page 103 Selection and Rejection......Page 104 Controversial Confimations......Page 106 The Commerce Power......Page 108 Additional Powers......Page 112 Constitution of the United States......Page 115 Cruel and Unusual Punishment......Page 116 Background and Majority Opinion......Page 117 Other Opinions......Page 118 The Court’s Reasoning......Page 119 Abolishing Capital Punishment......Page 120 Reimposing the Death Penalty......Page 121 Last Chance for Opponents......Page 122 Double Jeopardy......Page 123 Background......Page 124 Supreme Court Hearing......Page 125 Procedural and Substantive Due Process......Page 127 Applicability......Page 128 Electronic Eavesdropping......Page 129 Engle v. Vitale (1962)......Page 130 Supreme Court Ruling......Page 131 Labor Conditions......Page 132 Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 133 Background......Page 135 Supreme Court Hearing......Page 136 Exceptions to the Rule......Page 137 Ex Post Facto Laws......Page 138 Restrictive Covenants......Page 139 Federalism......Page 140 Field, Stephen Johnson (1816–1899)......Page 141 Direct Taxation......Page 142 The Currency Powers......Page 143 Foreign Affairs and the Supreme Court......Page 145 Frankfurter, Felix (1882–1965)......Page 146 Parades and Demonstrations......Page 147 Labor Picketing......Page 148 Establishing the Right......Page 149 Communism and Association......Page 150 The Establishment Clause......Page 151 Free Exercise......Page 152 Types of Speech......Page 153 Government Restraints......Page 154 Prior Restraint......Page 158 Privileged Access......Page 159 Applications of the Right to Petition......Page 160 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)......Page 161 The Court’s Ruling......Page 162 Aftermath and Significance......Page 163 Basis of the Case......Page 164 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933– )......Page 166 Grandfather Clauses......Page 167 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)......Page 168 Harlan, John Marshall I (1833–1911)......Page 169 Harlan, John Marshall II (1899–1971)......Page 170 The Court’s Ruling......Page 171 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)......Page 172 The Court’s Ruling......Page 173 Hill, Anita (1950– )......Page 174 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. (1841–1935)......Page 175 Legacy......Page 176 Hughes, Charles Evans (1862–1948)......Page 177 Implied Powers......Page 178 Injunctions......Page 179 Interstate Relations......Page 180 Judicial Activism......Page 181 Principles of Judicial Restraint......Page 182 Constitutional Basis......Page 183 Judiciary Act of 1789......Page 184 Main Provisions......Page 185 Appellate Jurisdiction......Page 186 Due Process Rights......Page 188 Basis of the Case......Page 189 Legislative Veto......Page 191 Libel......Page 192 Line Item Veto......Page 193 The Court’s Ruling......Page 194 Loyalty Oaths......Page 195 Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 196 Basis of the Case......Page 197 Maritime and Admiralty Law......Page 199 Early Life and Career......Page 200 Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993)......Page 201 Basis of the Case......Page 202 Aftermath and Significanc......Page 203 The Court’s Ruling......Page 204 Dissent and Aftermath......Page 205 Roosevelt’s Counterattack......Page 206 Basis of the Case......Page 207 The Court’s Ruling......Page 208 Obscenity......Page 209 Supreme Court Justice......Page 212 Opinions......Page 214 Concurring Opinions......Page 215 The Court’s Decision......Page 216 Basis of the Case......Page 218 Dissent and Aftermath......Page 219 Powell v. Alabama (1932)......Page 220 Challenging Presidential Authority......Page 222 Presidential Pardons......Page 223 Presidents and Justices......Page 224 Probable Cause......Page 225 Keeping Blacks From the Polls......Page 226 Court Service......Page 227 Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)......Page 228 Right to a Jury Trial......Page 229 Right to a Speedy Trial......Page 230 Right to Legal Counsel......Page 232 Right to Vote......Page 235 Roberts, John G. (1955– )......Page 236 Definitions and Restriction......Page 238 Background......Page 239 Public Reaction......Page 240 The Court Reverses Itself......Page 241 Scalia, Antonin (1936– )......Page 243 Reaction and Later Developments......Page 244 Search Warrants......Page 245 Self-Incrimination......Page 246 Challenging Sex Discrimination......Page 247 Sit-Ins......Page 248 Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)......Page 249 Slavery Issues......Page 250 Sotomayor, Sonia (1954– )......Page 251 Speech, Unprotected......Page 253 Stevens, John Paul (1920– )......Page 254 Story, Joseph (1779–1845)......Page 255 Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819)......Page 256 Supreme Court, History of the......Page 257 The Early Court......Page 258 Compulsory Retirement?......Page 259 Recent Courts......Page 261 Other Traditions......Page 262 New Court Building......Page 265 Layout and Design......Page 266 The Court’s Ruling......Page 267 Symbolic Speech......Page 268 Early Life and Political Career......Page 269 Taft As President......Page 270 Life and Career......Page 271 Dred Scott v. Sandford......Page 272 Thomas, Clarence (1948– )......Page 273 Later Rulings......Page 276 Background of the Case......Page 277 Reaction and Aftermath......Page 278 the Court’s Ruling......Page 279 Origins and Structure......Page 280 Wallace v. Jaffree (1984)......Page 281 Raising Armies......Page 282 Early Career......Page 283 White Primaries......Page 284 Writ of Habeas Corpus......Page 285 Zavelo v. Reeves (1913)......Page 286 Judiciary Act, Chapter XX, Sections 1–4, 9, 11, 14, 1789......Page 287 Marbury v. Madison, 1803......Page 289 Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819......Page 294 McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819......Page 298 Sturges v. Crowninshield, 1819......Page 301 Supreme Court Chamber, 1860–1935......Page 303 Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824......Page 304 Circuit Court of Appeals Act, Sections 2, 3, and 4, 1891......Page 305 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896......Page 307 Uncle Sam Anti-Alien Cartoon, 1918......Page 311 The Justices and the Building, 1929......Page 312 Korematsu v. United States, 1944......Page 313 Brown v. Board of Education, 1954......Page 315 The Supreme Court and the Communist Threat, 1951......Page 317 Ad from The New York Times, 1960......Page 318 Baker v. Carr, 1962......Page 319 Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963......Page 320 Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964......Page 322 New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964......Page 324 Miranda v. Arizona, 1966......Page 326 Loving v. Virginia, 1967......Page 328 Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969......Page 330 Swann v. Mecklenburg County Board of Education, 1971......Page 332 Roe v. Wade, 1973......Page 335 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988......Page 338 George W. Bush, et. al., petitioners, v. Albert Gore Jr., et. al., 2000......Page 340 Lawrence v. Texas, 2003......Page 343 Memorandum of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, 2004......Page 347 Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on Brown v. Board of Education, October 21, 2004......Page 349 Associate Justice Sandra Day O’Connor’s Letter of Resignation, July 1, 2005......Page 351 President George W. Bush Nominates Judge John Roberts as Chief Justice, September 5, 2005......Page 352 Judge Sonia Sotomayor on Her Nomination to the Supreme Court, May 26, 2009......Page 353 Identifying Sources of Information......Page 356 Documenting Sources for the Bibliography......Page 357 Citing Sources......Page 358 Using the Primary Source Library in This Volume......Page 359 Glossary......Page 360 Selected Bibliography......Page 364 Case Index......Page 368 General Index......Page 372 An indispensable reference for students studying the Court Specifically written to engage high-school students, Student's Guide to the Supreme Court presents a comprehensive overview of the history, traditions, and people of the highest court in the land. This one-stop source does not require any prior knowledge of the Supreme Court and covers topics that meet national high school curriculum standards. Part One consists of three informative essays: The Supreme Court: The Weakest or the Strongest Branch? How Does the President Nominate a Supreme Court Justice? Do They Matter? How Supreme Court Decisions Affect Modern American Life. Part Two is an alphabetical section of key words and legal concepts spanning abortion to writs of mandamus. The members of the current Roberts Court—including Sonia Sotomayor—are profiled here, as are all chief justices and notable associate justices. Part Three complements the first two sections with a generous sampling of influential primary source documents, including landmark decisions, excerpts from justices'papers, political cartoons, and constitutional provisions related to the Supreme Court. Key Features Easy-to-read Aligns with high school curriculum Unique three-part format