شناسایی ساختاری سیستم‌های ساخته‌شده: رویکردها، روش‌ها و فناوری‌ها برای عمل مؤثر در St-Id

Structural Identification of Constructed Systems: Approaches, Methods, and Technologies for Effective Practice of St-Id offers an overview of nearly 20 years of research directed at bridging the gap in structural engineering between models and real structural systems. Structural identification, known as St-Id, can be defined as the process of creating and updating a model of a structure (for instance, a finite element model) using experimental observations and data. By developing reliable estimates of the performance and vulnerability of structural systems, St-Id produces improved simulations that, in turn, assist in decision making and the transition to performance-based civil engineering.Drawing upon contributions from experts in the field, this report focuses on defining the most critical considerations of St-Id, which include: modeling, both analytical and numerical; experimentation, including observations, sensing, and monitoring; data processing, including error screening and feature extraction; model calibration, including comparisons of models and experimental data, model updating, and model selection; and decision support, such as scenario analyses and risk assessment. Two appendixes present case studies demonstrating the St-Id of buildings and of bridges. Structural engineers, educators, and researchers working in the areas of structural modeling, health monitoring, assessment, forensics, performance evaluation, predictive analysis, and decision making will find this book useful in covering critical and practical aspects of these concepts. Principal Contributors -- 1. Structural Identification of Constructed Systems -- Overview -- Objectives -- Historical Development -- Six Steps for St-Id of Constructed Systems -- Outline of Report -- 2. A-Priori Modeling -- Classification of A-Priori Models -- Common Model Types -- Modeling Constraints Unique to St-Id -- Construction of A-Priori Models Through 3D CAD -- Quality Control Requirements -- 3. Experimental Considerations -- Classification of Experiments Based On Input -- Sensors and Sensor Classification -- Data Transmission -- Data Acquisition and Management -- Use of Non-Destructive Evaluation for Structural Identification -- 4. Data Processing and Direct Data Interpretation -- Examples of Non-Physical Numerical Models -- 5. Structural Identification for Selection, Application and Calibration of Physics-Based Models -- Model Selection -- Model Application for Structural Identification -- Model Calibration -- 6. Utilization of St-Id for Assessment and Decision Making -- Performance-Based Engineering -- Risk-Based Decision-Making -- Quantitative vs. Qualitative Risk Assessment -- Appendix A: Case Studies on the Structural Identification of Buildings -- A.1. Chicago Full-Scale Monitoring Program -- A.2. Four Seasons Building -- A.3. Three-Story Concrete Building in CSMIP -- A.4. Guangzhou New TV Tower -- A.5. Seven-Story RC Building Slice -- A.6. Building Substructure Example: Composite Structural Floor System -- Appendix B: Case Studies on the Structural Identification of Bridges -- B.1. Henry Hudson Bridge -- B.2. Throgs Neck Bridge -- B.3. Golden Gate Bridge -- B.4. Vincent Thomas Bridge -- B.5. Hakucho Suspension Bridge -- B.6. Yokohama Bay Bridge -- B.7. Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge -- B.8. Langensand Bridge -- B.9. Sunrise Boulevard Movable Bridge -- B.10. New Svinesund Bridge Content: 1. Structural Identification of Constructed Systems -- Overview -- Objectives -- Historical Development -- Six Steps for St-Id of Constructed Systems -- Outline of Report -- 2. A-Priori Modeling -- Classification of A-Priori Models -- Common Model Types -- Modeling Constraints Unique to St-Id -- Construction of A-Priori Models Through 3D CAD -- Quality Control Requirements -- 3. Experimental Considerations -- Classification of Experiments Based On Input -- Sensors and Sensor Classification -- Data Transmission -- Data Acquisition and Management -- Use of Non-Destructive Evaluation for Structural Identification -- 4. Data Processing and Direct Data Interpretation -- Examples of Non-Physical Numerical Models -- 5. Structural Identification for Selection, Application and Calibration of Physics-Based Models -- Model Selection -- Model Application for Structural Identification -- Model Calibration -- 6. Utilization of St-Id for Assessment and Decision Making -- Performance-Based Engineering -- Risk-Based Decision-Making -- Quantitative vs. Qualitative Risk Assessment -- Appendix A: Case Studies on the Structural Identification of Buildings -- A.1. Chicago Full-Scale Monitoring Program -- A.2. Four Seasons Building -- A.3. Three-Story Concrete Building in CSMIP -- A.4. Guangzhou New TV Tower -- A.5. Seven-Story RC Building Slice -- A.6. Building Substructure Example: Composite Structural Floor System -- Appendix B: Case Studies on the Structural Identification of Bridges -- B.1. Henry Hudson Bridge -- B.2. Throgs Neck Bridge -- B.3. Golden Gate Bridge -- B.4. Vincent Thomas Bridge -- B.5. Hakucho Suspension Bridge -- B.6. Yokohama Bay Bridge -- B.7. Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge -- B.8. Langensand Bridge -- B.9. Sunrise Boulevard Movable Bridge -- B.10. New Svinesund Bridge. Structural Identification of Constructed Approaches, Methods, and Technologies for Effective Practice of St-Id offers an overview of nearly 20 years of research directed at bridging the gap in structural engineering between models and real structural systems. Structural identification, known as St-Id, can be defined as the process of creating and updating a model of a structure (for instance, a finite element model) using experimental observations and data. By developing reliable estimates of the performance and vulnerability of structural systems, St-Id produces improved simulations that, in turn, assist in decision making and the transition to performance-based civil engineering. Drawing upon contributions from experts in the field, this report focuses on defining the most critical considerations of St-Id, which modeling, both analytical and numerical; experimentation, including observations, sensing, and monitoring; data processing, including error screening and feature extraction; model calibration, including comparisons of models and experimental data, model updating, and model selection; and decision support, such as scenario analyses and risk assessment. Two appendixes present case studies demonstrating the St-Id of buildings and of bridges. Structural engineers, educators, and researchers working in the areas of structural modeling, health monitoring, assessment, forensics, performance evaluation, predictive analysis, and decision making will find this book useful in covering critical and practical aspects of these concepts. This book is the first book of its kind to collectively identify, catalog, and assess the exploration and recovery potential of the Earth's unconventional hydrocarbons. Advances in hydrocarbon technology and petroleum development systems have recently made the exploration of unconventional hydrocarbons, such as shale gas, tight sandstone oil and gas, heavy oil, tar sand, and coalbed methane, the hottest trend in the petroleum industry. Detailed case studies act as real-world application templates, making the book's concepts immediately practical and useful by exploration geologists. The logical and intuitive three-part approach of systematically identifying an unconventional hydrocarbon, cataloguing its accumulation features, and assessing its exploration and recovery potential can be immediately implemented in the field anywhere in the world. This report presents research in structural engineering that bridges the gap between models and real structures by developing more reliable estimates of the performance and vulnerability of existing structural systems.