Structural health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges

Long span suspension bridges cost billions. In recent decades, structural health monitoring systems have been developed to measure the loading environment and responses of these bridges in order to assess serviceability and safety while tracking the symptoms of operational incidents and potential damage. This helps ensure the bridge functions properly during a long service life and guards against catastrophic failure under extreme events. Although these systems have achieved some success, this cutting-edge technology involves many complex topics that present challenges to students, researchers, and engineers alike. Systematically introducing the fundamentals and outlining the advanced technologies for achieving effective long-term monitoring, Structural Health Monitoring of Long-Span Suspension Bridges covers: The design of structural health monitoring systems Finite element modelling and system identification Highway loading monitoring and effects Railway loading monitoring and effects Temperature monitoring and thermal behaviour Wind monitoring and effects Seismic monitoring and effects SHMS-based rating method for long span bridge inspection and maintenance Structural damage detection and test-bed establishment These are applied in a rigorous case study, using more than ten years' worth of data, to the Tsing Ma suspension bridge in Hong Kong to examine their effectiveness in the operational performance of a real bridge. The Tsing Ma bridge is the world's longest suspension bridge to carry both a highway and railway, and is located in one of the world’s most active typhoon regions. Bridging the gap between theory and practice, this is an ideal reference book for students, researchers, and engineering practitioners. Structural Health Monitoring of Long- Span Suspension Bridges......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Acknowledgements......Page 14 Preface......Page 15 Foreword (1)......Page 17 Foreword (2)......Page 19 1.1 The Objective of Structural Health Monitoring......Page 20 1.2 The History of Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges......Page 22 1.4 Organization of the Book......Page 27 1.5 References......Page 28 2.2 The History of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 31 2.3.3 Highway Load......Page 35 2.3.4 Temperature Effects......Page 36 2.3.5 Wind Load......Page 37 2.3.7 Other Effects......Page 38 2.4.1 Structural System......Page 39 2.4.2 Design Consideration and Criteria of Suspension Bridges......Page 40 2.4.3 Construction of Suspension Bridges......Page 42 2.4.4 Life-cycle Maintenance and Inspection of Suspension Bridges......Page 45 2.5.2 Structural System......Page 47 2.5.3 Design Considerations and Criteria......Page 52 2.6 References......Page 55 3.2 Design of Health Monitoring Systems......Page 58 3.3.1 Wind Measurement Sensors......Page 60 3.3.2 Seismic Sensors......Page 61 3.3.4 Thermometers......Page 62 3.3.6 Displacement Measurement Sensors......Page 63 3.3.8 Weather Stations......Page 65 3.3.10 Others......Page 66 3.4.1 Configuration of DATS......Page 67 3.4.2 Hardware of DAUs......Page 68 3.4.3 Network and Communication......Page 69 3.5 Data Processing and Control System......Page 70 3.5.2 Signal Pre-processing......Page 71 3.5.3 Signal Post-processing and Analysis......Page 72 3.6 Data Management System......Page 75 3.6.1 Components and Functions of Data Management System......Page 76 3.7.1 Overview of Wireless Sensors......Page 77 3.7.2 Basic Architectures and Features of Wireless Sensors......Page 78 3.8.1 Overview of WASHMS......Page 80 3.8.2 Anemometers in WASHMS......Page 84 3.8.4 Displacement Transducers in WASHMS......Page 85 3.8.5 Level Sensing Stations in WASHMS......Page 86 3.8.6 Global Positioning System in WASHMS......Page 87 3.8.8 Accelerometers in WASHMS......Page 88 3.8.9 Weigh-in-motion Stations in WASHMS......Page 89 3.9 References......Page 90 3.10 Notations......Page 93 4.2.1 Theoretical Background......Page 95 4.2.2 Spine Beam Model......Page 97 4.2.3 Hybrid Model......Page 99 4.2.4 Modelling of Cables......Page 100 4.3.1 Input-output Modal Identification Methods......Page 101 4.3.2 Output-only Modal Identification Methods......Page 104 4.4.1 Overview......Page 105 4.4.2 Objective Functions and Constraints......Page 106 4.4.3 Parameters for Updating......Page 108 4.4.4 Optimization Algorithms......Page 109 4.5.1 Modelling of the Bridge......Page 111 4.5.2 Ambient Vibration Test of the Bridge......Page 117 4.5.3 Sensitivity-based Model Updating of the Bridge......Page 119 4.6 References......Page 122 4.7 Notations......Page 126 5.2 Railway Monitoring System......Page 128 5.3 Monitoring of Railway Traffic Condition and Load Distribution......Page 130 5.4.1 Vehicle Model......Page 131 5.4.2 Bridge Model......Page 133 5.4.3 Wheel and Rail Interaction......Page 134 5.5 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 137 5.5.1 Monitoring of Railway Traffic Condition......Page 139 5.5.2 Monitoring of Railway Loading......Page 140 5.5.3 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on Bridge Displacements......Page 142 5.5.4 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on Bridge Accelerations......Page 152 5.7 References......Page 157 5.8 Notations......Page 158 6.1 Preview......Page 160 6.2 Highway Monitoring System......Page 161 6.4 Dynamic Interaction of Long-span Suspension Bridges with Road Vehicles......Page 162 6.4.1 Modelling of Road Vehicles......Page 163 6.4.2 Modelling of Bridge......Page 164 6.4.3 Modelling of Road Surface Roughness......Page 165 6.4.4 Principle of Computerized Approach......Page 166 6.4.6 An Example......Page 167 6.5.1 Data Processing......Page 171 6.5.2 Monitoring of Highway Traffic Condition......Page 175 6.5.3 Monitoring of Highway Loading Distribution......Page 177 6.5.4 Highway Loading Spectrum......Page 180 6.5.5 Strain Analysis and Fatigue Evaluation......Page 182 6.6 Summary......Page 191 6.7 References......Page 192 6.8 Notations......Page 193 7.1 Preview......Page 196 7.2 Temperature Monitoring......Page 197 7.3.2 Thermal Boundary Conditions......Page 199 7.3.3 Solar Radiation......Page 200 7.4.1 Temperature Effects on Static Behaviour of Bridges......Page 203 7.4.2 Temperature Effects on Dynamic Behaviour of Bridges......Page 204 7.5.1 Temperature Sensors in the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 205 7.5.2 Heat-transfer Analysis of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 208 7.5.3 Temperature Distribution of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 211 7.5.4 Temperature-induced Displacement of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 218 7.5.5 Temperature-induced Stress of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 225 7.5.6 Temperature Effect on Vibration Properties of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 227 7.6 Summary......Page 230 7.7 References......Page 231 7.8 Notations......Page 233 8.2 Wind Monitoring System......Page 235 8.3.1 Stationary Wind Model......Page 237 8.3.3 Time Varying Mean Wind Speed......Page 239 8.4.1 Buffeting Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 240 8.4.2 Flutter Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 244 8.4.3 Vortex Shedding Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 247 8.5 Monitoring of Wind Effects on the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 248 8.5.1 Monitoring of Wind Environment......Page 249 8.5.2 Monitoring of Bridge Displacements......Page 256 8.5.3 Wind-resistant Performance Assessment of Bridge......Page 260 8.7 References......Page 264 8.8 Notations......Page 266 9.1 Preview......Page 270 9.2 Seismic Monitoring System......Page 271 9.3 Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motions......Page 272 9.3.2 Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motion......Page 273 9.3.3 Procedure for Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motion......Page 274 9.4.1 Equations of Motion for Multiple-support Seismic Analysis......Page 275 9.4.3 Large Mass Method......Page 276 9.5.1 The Tsing Ma Bridge and Earthquake Record......Page 277 9.5.2 Conditional Simulation of Ground Motion......Page 278 9.5.3 Seismic Response of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 281 9.7 References......Page 284 9.8 Notations......Page 285 10.2.1 Measurement Methods......Page 287 10.2.2 Corrosion Sensors......Page 288 10.2.3 Theoretical Models of Chloride Penetration......Page 289 10.3.2 Preventive Measures......Page 290 10.3.3 Design and Analysis of Ship-collision......Page 292 10.4.1 Introduction......Page 294 10.4.2 Scour Monitoring Equipment......Page 295 10.4.3 Preventive Measures......Page 296 10.5 References......Page 297 10.6 Notations......Page 300 11.2 General Concepts of Structural Damage Detection......Page 301 11.3 Non-destructive Testing Methods......Page 302 11.3.1 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method......Page 303 11.3.2 Impact-echo / Impulse-response Methods......Page 304 11.3.4 Radiographic Method......Page 305 11.3.6 Infrared Thermographic Method......Page 306 11.4.1 Overview of Vibration-based Damage Detection Methods......Page 307 11.4.2 Frequency Changes......Page 308 11.4.3 Mode Shape Changes......Page 309 11.4.5 FRF Changes......Page 310 11.4.6 Mode Shape Curvature Changes......Page 311 11.4.7 Modal Strain Energy Changes......Page 312 11.4.9 Comparison Studies......Page 313 11.4.10 Challenges in Vibration Based Damage Detection Methods......Page 314 11.5.1 Uncertainties in Damage Detection......Page 315 11.5.2 Perturbation Approach......Page 316 11.5.3 Bayesian Approach......Page 318 11.5.5 Monte Carlo Simulation......Page 319 11.7 References......Page 320 11.8 Notations......Page 327 12.1 Preview......Page 329 12.2.1 Current Status of Bridge Rating......Page 330 12.2.2 Formation of a Hierarchical Structure......Page 331 12.2.3 Determination of Relative Weights for Each Level......Page 332 12.2.4 Fuzzy Synthetic Ratings for Criticality and Vulnerability......Page 333 12.2.5 Fuzzy Synthetic Decision for Inspection......Page 335 12.3.1 Criticality Factors......Page 336 12.4 Criticality and Vulnerability Analyses......Page 337 12.4.1 Structural Component Classification......Page 338 12.4.2 Criticality Analysis......Page 340 12.4.3 Vulnerability Analysis......Page 343 12.5.1 Relative Weights......Page 345 12.5.2 Time Intervals for Inspection......Page 347 12.5.3 Decision for Inspection......Page 348 12.6 Summary......Page 349 12.7 References......Page 350 12.8 Notations......Page 352 13.2 Necessity of Establishing Test-beds......Page 353 13.3 Design Principles of Test-bed......Page 354 13.4.1 Brief Description of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 356 13.4.2 Geometric Scale and Shake Table......Page 357 13.4.3 Bridge Towers and Piers......Page 358 13.4.4 Bridge Deck......Page 361 13.4.5 Bridge Cables and Suspenders......Page 364 13.5.1 Geometric Measurements and Results......Page 367 13.5.2 Modal Tests and Results......Page 368 13.6.1 Modelling of Bridge Towers and Piers......Page 371 13.6.4 Modelling of Supports and Restraints......Page 372 13.7.1 Parameters for Updating......Page 374 13.7.2 Objective Functions......Page 375 13.7.3 Updating Results......Page 376 13.8 Summary......Page 378 13.9 References......Page 379 13.10 Notations......Page 380 14.1.1 Durability and Optimization of the Sensor Network......Page 381 14.1.3 Advanced Computational Simulation......Page 382 14.2 Prospects......Page 383 Index......Page 385