Structural health monitoring of biocomposites, fibre-reinforced composites and hybrid composites

Structural Health Monitoring of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites provides detailed information on failure analysis, mechanical and physical properties, structural health monitoring, durability and life prediction, modelling of damage processes of natural fiber, synthetic fibers, and natural/natural, and natural/synthetic fiber hybrid composites. It provides a comprehensive review of both established and promising new technologies currently under development in the emerging area of structural health monitoring in aerospace, construction and automotive structures. In addition, it describes SHM methods and sensors related to specific composites and how advantages and limitations of various sensors and methods can help make informed choices. Written by leading experts in the field, and covering composite materials developed from different natural fibers and their hybridization with synthetic fibers, the book's chapters provide cutting-edge, up-to-date research on the characterization, analysis and modelling of composite materials. Contains contributions from leading experts in the field Discusses recent progress on failure analysis, SHM, durability, life prediction and the modelling of damage in natural fiber-based composite materials Covers experimental, analytical and numerical analysis Provides detailed and comprehensive information on mechanical properties, testing methods and modelling techniques Front Cover......Page 1 Structural Health Monitoring of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites......Page 2 Structural Health Monitoring of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of contributors......Page 12 About the editors......Page 16 Preface......Page 18 1.1 Introduction......Page 20 1.2 Material and method......Page 22 1.3 Morphology analysis......Page 23 1.4 Thermal stability analysis......Page 24 1.5.1 Flexural test......Page 25 1.5.2 Image analyzer......Page 26 1.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy......Page 27 1.5.4 Thermogravimetric analysis......Page 29 1.5.5 Dynamic mechanical analysis......Page 30 References......Page 35 2.1.1 Aviation environmental impact......Page 38 2.1.2 Sustainable biomass for aviation......Page 41 2.1.3 Biocomposites......Page 42 2.1.4 Jet biofuel......Page 43 2.2 Summary......Page 48 References......Page 49 Further reading......Page 50 3.1 Introduction......Page 52 3.2 Failures and damages in composites......Page 53 3.3.1 Fiber-level failure mechanism......Page 54 3.3.1.2 Fiber buckling......Page 55 3.3.1.4 Fiber splitting and radial cracking......Page 56 3.3.3 Coupled fiber-matrix-level failure mechanism......Page 57 3.3.3.2 Fiber breakage and interfacial debonding......Page 58 3.3.3.4 Fiber failure due to matrix cracking......Page 59 3.3.4.2 Loading-generated transverse stresses......Page 60 3.3.7 Operational evaluation......Page 61 3.3.10 Statistical modal development......Page 62 3.4.3 Transient thermographic technique......Page 63 3.4.6 Vibration-based damage identification technique......Page 65 3.4.7 Optical inspection method......Page 66 3.5 Conclusion......Page 67 References......Page 68 4.1 Introduction......Page 72 4.3 Factors affecting measurement data......Page 74 4.3.2 On-site construction defects......Page 75 4.4 Benefits of structural health monitoring......Page 76 4.4.4 Cost effectiveness......Page 77 4.5 Challenges for structural health monitoring......Page 78 4.6 Advantages of structural health monitoring......Page 79 4.7 Advance technology used for structural health monitoring......Page 81 4.8 Conclusion......Page 85 References......Page 86 5.1 Introduction......Page 94 5.2 Macroscopic behavior of fiber reinforced polymer......Page 96 5.2.1 Visual observation of failure samples......Page 97 5.2.1.1 Hygrothermal conditioned GFRP samples......Page 98 5.2.2.1 Prestressed loads of GFRP composite......Page 99 5.2.2.2 GFRP under ambient conditions......Page 100 5.2.2.3 GFRP under hygrothermal treatment......Page 101 5.2.2.4 Effect of GFRP due to chemical treatment......Page 102 5.2.2.5 Effect on GFRP-thermocol composites......Page 103 5.4 Apparent moisture diffusivity......Page 104 5.4.1 Hygrothermal treatment of GFRP samples......Page 105 5.4.2 On chemical exposure......Page 106 5.4.3 Effect on GFRP-thermocol composites......Page 107 References......Page 108 6.1 Introduction......Page 112 6.1.2 Applications of FRPs......Page 113 6.1.3 Properties of FRPs......Page 114 6.1.5 Corrosion by definition related to FRP and effects to FRP......Page 115 6.1.6 Corrosion environment......Page 116 6.2.1 Optical microscopy......Page 117 6.2.2 Electromagnetic testing......Page 119 6.3.2 Chemical......Page 120 6.3.4 Ultrasonic testing......Page 121 6.4 Semi-analytical finite element method......Page 122 6.4.1 Modeling, formulation, and governing equation......Page 123 6.5 Summary......Page 126 References......Page 127 7.1.1 Drilling carbon fiber-reinforced composites......Page 132 7.1.2 Virtual reality in training and aerospace industry......Page 135 7.1.3 Materials and method......Page 137 7.2 Results......Page 141 7.3 Discussion......Page 144 7.4 Conclusion......Page 146 References......Page 147 8.1 Introduction......Page 148 8.2 Benefits of implementation of structural health monitoring......Page 150 8.3 Challenges for structural health monitoring......Page 151 8.4 Testing using nondestructive analysis......Page 152 8.4.1 Limitations of present-day NDT techniques......Page 155 8.5 Comparison between NDT and SHM......Page 156 8.6.1 SHM for polymer composites including metal matrix composites......Page 157 8.7.1 Piezoelectric effect......Page 159 8.7.1.2 Piezoelectric sensor used in SHM......Page 160 8.7.2 Acousto-ultrasonics method......Page 161 8.7.3 Acoustic emission testing......Page 162 8.7.3.2 Applications......Page 163 8.7.4.1 Mechanism......Page 164 8.8.3 Railway......Page 165 References......Page 166 9.1.1 Background......Page 172 9.1.2 Scientific gap......Page 174 9.1.4 Study questions......Page 177 9.2.1 Development of a novel composite......Page 178 9.2.2 Fiber-metal laminate composite fabrication......Page 179 9.2.3.1 Test facility......Page 181 9.2.3.3 Fire test rig preparation for ISO 2685 burner......Page 182 9.2.4 ISO 2685 burner calibration......Page 183 9.2.4.4 Procedure......Page 184 9.2.5.1 Mechanical properties test......Page 185 9.2.5.2 Thermal properties test......Page 186 9.2.5.4 Velocity impact test......Page 187 9.3.2 Properties of the composite results......Page 188 9.3.2.1 Mechanical properties results......Page 189 9.3.2.2 Thermal properties results......Page 196 9.3.2.3 Burn-through time response result......Page 200 9.3.2.4 Ballistic impact results......Page 202 9.4 Conclusion......Page 204 References......Page 205 10.1.1 Background......Page 210 10.1.2 Scientific Gap......Page 212 10.1.5 Significance of study......Page 215 10.2.2 Assessment of aerogel powders for plasma spraying......Page 216 10.2.3 Atmospheric plasma spraying of as-received aerogels......Page 218 10.2.3.2 Apparatus......Page 219 10.2.3.4 Deposition process......Page 220 10.2.4.4 Substrate preparation......Page 222 10.3.1.1 Physical properties of aerogels......Page 223 10.3.1.2 Suitability of aerogels for plasma spraying......Page 227 10.3.2 Atmospheric plasma spraying of as-received aerogels......Page 230 10.3.3 Suspension plasma spraying of as-received aerogels......Page 236 10.4 Conclusions......Page 239 References......Page 241 11.1 Structural health monitoring application......Page 246 11.2 Application of biocomposites, fiber-reinforced composites, and hybrid composite......Page 250 11.3 Issues of SHM......Page 252 11.3.1 New trends of SHM as an energy harvester......Page 254 Acknowledgments......Page 255 References......Page 256 12.1 Introduction......Page 262 12.2.2 GFRP on hydrothermal treatment......Page 265 12.2.3 Sandwich composites......Page 266 12.3.1 CFRP on hydrothermal treatment......Page 267 12.3.2 GFRP on hydrothermal treatment......Page 268 12.3.3 GFRP on chemical treatment......Page 269 12.3.4 Sandwich composites......Page 270 12.4.1 CFRP on hydrothermal treatment......Page 271 12.4.3 GFRP on chemical treatment......Page 272 12.4.4 Sandwich composites......Page 273 References......Page 274 13.1.1 Introduction......Page 276 13.1.2 Basic applications......Page 277 13.1.3 Electronic applications......Page 279 13.1.7 Biomedical applications......Page 280 13.2.1.1 Polymer matrix composites......Page 281 13.2.1.3 Concrete matric composites......Page 282 13.2.1.5 Metal-framework composites......Page 284 13.2.1.6 Ceramic-matrix composites......Page 285 13.3.1 Mechanical properties......Page 287 13.3.2 Thermal properties......Page 290 13.3.3 Durability properties......Page 291 13.4 Conclusions......Page 292 References......Page 293 14.1 Introduction......Page 296 14.2.2 Extrusion condition: screw configuration and temperature......Page 298 14.2.3 Injection molding......Page 299 14.3 Problems related to the composites materials......Page 300 14.4.1 Filler morphology......Page 301 14.4.2.3 Interfacial adhesion morphology......Page 302 14.5.1.1 Distribution and dispersion of fillers into polymer matrix......Page 303 14.5.1.2 Interfacial adhesion......Page 306 14.6 Conclusion......Page 309 References......Page 310 A......Page 314 B......Page 315 C......Page 316 D......Page 317 F......Page 318 G......Page 319 H......Page 320 M......Page 321 N......Page 322 P......Page 323 S......Page 324 T......Page 326 Y......Page 327 Back Cover......Page 328