Stroke in children and young adults : expert consult - online and print

The revised and updated second edition of this comprehensive text continues to offer careful critical evaluation and authoritative advice on stroke, the most complicated disease affecting the nervous system of children and young adults. New chapters, the latest guidelines from the American Heart Association, tips for preventing misdiagnoses, and more provide you with the knowledge you need to make the best clinical and management decisions of both common and rare cerebrovascular disorders in the young population. Tightly focused, this fully referenced textbook fills the void in the literature by including detailed discussions on topics such as stroke in neonates, atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in young adults, strokes caused by migraines, stroke during pregnancy, and a myriad of others. Up-to-date tables containing rich troves of data along with the careful selection of multiple references further enhances your acumen. Offers practical, clinical guidance on stroke and stroke related issues, such as atherosclerotic cerebral infarction, non-atherosclerotic cerebral vasculopathies, cardiac disorders, and disorders of hemostasis to broaden your knowledge base. Includes an overview of stroke types, risk factors, prognosis, and diagnostic strategies in neonates, children, and young adults to help you better manage every condition you see. Discusses the diverse etiologies of stroke in children and young adults to increase awareness in the differences of presenting signs between children and adults. Features new chapters on Applied Anatomy, Pediatric CNS Vascular Malformation, and Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord to keep you on the cusp of this challenging and burgeoning field. Presents data from the latest American Heart Association guidelines for stroke in children and young adults-coauthored by Dr. Biller-to help you make better informed evaluation and management decisions. Provides tips on how to prevent misdiagnosis. Offers the latest knowledge on therapy and rehabilitation to help you chose the best treatment options. Includes more images to enhance visual guidance. 0......Page 1 Copyright Page......Page 2 Dedication......Page 3 Contributors......Page 4 Foreword ......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 8 Preface......Page 9 Stroke Incidence......Page 11 Stroke Presentation in Young Individuals......Page 12 Stroke Causes......Page 13 General......Page 14 Atherosclerotic Risk Factors......Page 15 Other Risk Factors......Page 16 Hematologic Risk Factors......Page 17 Brain Hemorrhage......Page 18 Risk of Stroke Recurrence......Page 19 Prognosis......Page 20 References......Page 21 Applied Anatomy of the Brain Arteries......Page 25 Origin of the Brain Arteries......Page 26 Vascular Malformations......Page 268 Anastomotic Circle of Willis......Page 27 Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebellar Hemorrhage......Page 259 Master Plan for the Distribution of the Arteries from the Ventral Surface of the Brain......Page 28 Long Circumferential Arteries of the Brain......Page 29 Extradural Branches......Page 30 Infection......Page 32 Syndromes of Insufficiency or Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery......Page 33 Multiple Risk Factors......Page 34 Bilateral Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion......Page 35 Sequential Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery......Page 36 Functional-Anatomic Regions Irrigated by the Middle Cerebral Arteries......Page 38 Motor and Speech Dysfunctions......Page 39 Origin of the Posterior Cerebral Artery, the Basilar Communicating Artery, and the True Junction of the Carotid and Vertebroba......Page 40 Distribution of the Superficial Branches of the Posterior Cerebral Artery......Page 41 Balint Syndrome......Page 42 Origin and Anatomic Features of Perforating Arteries of the Basal Forebrain......Page 43 Origin and Distribution of the Median-Paramedian Group of Medial Striate Arteries......Page 44 Clinical Syndrome of Recurrent Artery of Heubner Occlusion......Page 45 Comparison of Medial Striate Artery and Lenticulostriate Artery Territories......Page 46 Clinical Syndromes of Large Lateral Striate Artery (Striatocapsular) Infarcts......Page 48 Syndrome of Restricted Unilateral Infarction at a Superior Level of the Genu of the Internal Capsule......Page 49 Location of the Pyramidal Tract in Relation to the Genu......Page 50 Origin and Distribution......Page 51 Sensory Dysfunctions......Page 52 Determinants of the Size and Distribution of Thalamic Infarcts......Page 53 Syndrome of Thalamotuberal Artery Occlusion......Page 54 Motor Deficits......Page 56 Laterality of Infarction in the Thalamoperforant Artery Territory......Page 57 Origin and Distribution......Page 58 Neighborhood Signs Not Found......Page 60 Combined Paramedian Thalamic and Midbrain Infarcts (Paramedian Thalamopeduncular Infarcts)......Page 61 Internal Capsule......Page 62 Midbrain: Syndromes of Basilar Artery and Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion......Page 63 Syndromes of Benedikt, Claude, and Nothnagel......Page 64 Alternating Long Tract Signs and Cranial Nerve Palsies......Page 65 Locked-in Syndrome......Page 66 Origin and Distribution......Page 67 Syndromes of Superior Cerebellar Artery Occlusion......Page 69 Course and Distribution......Page 70 Course and Distribution......Page 71 Median-Paramedian Arteries of the Medulla and the Medial Medullary Syndromes of Dejerine, Babinski-Nageotte, and Opalski......Page 72 References......Page 73 Epidemiology......Page 79 Presentation......Page 83 Familial Occurrence......Page 322 Cavernous Malformations......Page 336 Conclusion......Page 84 Evaluation......Page 325 Radiology......Page 85 Long-term Therapy......Page 86 Magnetic Resonance Venography......Page 99 References......Page 87 Diagnostic Strategies in Neonates, Children, and Young Adults with Stroke......Page 91 Children......Page 92 Anatomy of the Cerebral Sinovenous System......Page 241 Diagnosis......Page 93 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 94 Computed Tomography......Page 95 Children and Young Adults......Page 96 Diffusion-weighted Imaging......Page 98 Carotid Ultrasound......Page 100 Evaluation......Page 101 Cerebral Ischemia......Page 102 Children and Young Adults......Page 103 Neonates......Page 104 Pathology......Page 105 References......Page 106 Risk Factors......Page 111 Clinical Features......Page 115 Paraclinical Evaluation......Page 117 Medical Therapy......Page 118 Plasminogen Abnormalities......Page 120 References......Page 121 Hypoplasia and Agenesis of the Internal Carotid Artery......Page 125 Moyamoya Disease......Page 126 Fibromuscular Dysplasia......Page 129 Cervicocephalic Arterial Dissections......Page 130 Radiation-induced Vasculopathies......Page 132 Germinal Matrix Intraventricular Hemorrhage in a Premature Infant......Page 260 Conclusion......Page 138 References......Page 264 Cardiac Disorders and Stroke in Children andYoung Adults......Page 145 Causes......Page 146 Valvular Heart Disease......Page 147 Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease......Page 148 Prosthetic Heart Valves......Page 149 Clinical Diagnosis......Page 150 Heparin Cofactor II Deficiency......Page 151 Congenital Heart Disease......Page 153 Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 155 Atrial Fibrillation......Page 156 Saccular Aneurysms......Page 157 Myocardial Infarction......Page 159 Intracardiac Tumors......Page 160 Intracardiac Defects with Paradoxical Embolism......Page 161 General Principles of Medical Management......Page 163 References......Page 164 Cerebral Infarction and Migraine......Page 170 Diagnostic Criteria for Migrainous Infarction......Page 171 Clinical Picture......Page 172 Pathophysiology......Page 173 Management of Migraine-Induced Infarctions......Page 176 References......Page 178 Primary Hypercoagulable States......Page 182 Activated Protein C Resistance......Page 183 Antithromb in Deficiency......Page 184 Prothrombin G20210A Mutation......Page 185 Homocystinuria, Hyperhomocysteinemia, and Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency......Page 186 Disorders of Fibrinogen......Page 187 Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 188 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria......Page 189 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 190 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 191 Pregnancy......Page 192 Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 193 Conclusion......Page 195 References......Page 252 Stroke and Pregnancy......Page 205 Epidemiology......Page 206 Cardiac Causes......Page 207 Thrombo-occlusive Disorders......Page 209 Arteritis and Arteriopathies......Page 210 Management of Ischemic Stroke in Pregnancy......Page 211 Hemorrhagic Stroke......Page 212 Conclusion......Page 215 References......Page 235 Inherited Disorders Causing Accelerated Atherosclerosis......Page 221 Inherited Nonatherosclerotic Vasculopathies......Page 223 Inherited Hematologic Abnormalities......Page 231 Inherited Cardiac Disorders......Page 232 Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 233 Incidence......Page 240 Clinical Presentation......Page 242 Clinical Presentations in Neonates and Infants......Page 243 Hypercoagulable States......Page 244 Inflammatory Conditions......Page 245 Neuroimaging......Page 246 Management......Page 247 Anticoagulation Therapy......Page 248 Conclusion......Page 249 Classification......Page 256 Subdural Hemorrhage......Page 257 Clinical Features......Page 262 Treatment Options......Page 263 Epidemiology......Page 267 Intracranial Aneurysms......Page 272 Arterial Hypertension......Page 273 Bleeding Diatheses......Page 274 Illicit Drug Use......Page 277 Intracranial Tumors......Page 278 Putaminal Hemorrhage......Page 280 Thalamic Hemorrhage......Page 282 Paraclinical Evaluation......Page 283 Treatment......Page 285 References......Page 288 Causes of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Young Patients......Page 295 Epidemiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 296 Evidence-based Risk Factor Modification Recommendations......Page 297 Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 298 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography......Page 300 Catheter Angiography......Page 301 Aneurysm Obliteration......Page 302 Familial Aneurysms......Page 303 Blood Blister Aneurysms......Page 304 Traumatic Aneurysms......Page 307 Neurologic Intensive Care Management......Page 308 Prevention of Major Complications of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 309 Management of Neurologic and Medical Complications......Page 310 Perimesencephalic Hemorrhage......Page 312 Drug-related Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 314 Conclusion......Page 315 References......Page 316 Incidence......Page 321 Treatment......Page 323 Incidence......Page 324 Presentation......Page 326 Natural History......Page 327 Presentation......Page 328 Capillary Telangiectasias......Page 329 References......Page 330 Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord in Children and Young Adults......Page 333 Glomus Arteriovenous Malformation......Page 334 Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula......Page 335 Complex Vascular Malformations......Page 337 References......Page 338 A......Page 340 C......Page 341 D......Page 342 H......Page 343 L......Page 344 M......Page 345 P......Page 346 S......Page 347 T......Page 348 W......Page 349 The Revised And Updated Second Edition Of This Comprehensive Text Continues To Offer Careful Critical Evaluation And Authoritative Advice On Stroke, The Most Complicated Disease Affecting The Nervous System Of Children And Young Adults. New Chapters, The Latest Guidelines From The American Heart Association, Tips For Preventing Misdiagnoses, And More Provide You With The Knowledge You Need To Make The Best Clinical And Management Decisions Of Both Common And Rare Cerebrovascular Disorders In The Young Population. Tightly Focused, This Fully Referenced Textbook Fills The Void In The Literature By Including Detailed Discussions On Topics Such As Stroke In Neonates, Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction In Young Adults, Strokes Caused By Migraines, Stroke During Pregnancy, And A Myriad Of Others. Up-to-date Tables Containing Rich Troves Of Data Along With The Careful Selection Of Multiple References Further Enhances Your Acumen. Offers Practical, Clinical Guidance On Stroke And Stroke Related Issues, Such As Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction, Non-atherosclerotic Cerebral Vasculopathies, Cardiac Disorders, And Disorders Of Hemostasis To Broaden Your Knowledge Base. Includes An Overview Of Stroke Types, Risk Factors, Prognosis, And Diagnostic Strategies In Neonates, Children, And Young Adults To Help You Better Manage Every Condition You See. Discusses The Diverse Etiologies Of Stroke In Children And Young Adults To Increase Awareness In The Differences Of Presenting Signs Between Children And Adults. Stroke In Children And Young Adults : Overview, Risk Factors And Prognosis / Betsy B. Love, José Biller -- Applied Anatomy Of The Brain Arteries / William Demyer -- Stroke In Neonates And Children : Overview / Meredith R. Golomb -- Diagnostic Strategies In Neonates, Children, And Young Adults With Stroke / Deborah K. Sokol, Hema Patel -- Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction In Young Adults / José Biller, Rima M. Dafer -- Non-atherosclerotic Cerebral Vasculopathies / Rima M. Dafer, José Biller -- Cardiac Disorders And Stroke In Children And Young Adults / José Biller, Michael J. Schneck, Betsy B. Love -- Cerebral Infarction And Migraine / Rima M. Dafer, José Biller -- Hemostatic Disorders Presenting As Cerebral Infraction / Rima M. Dafer, José Biller -- Stroke And Pregnancy / Rima M. Darer, José Biller -- Rare Genetic Disorders Predisposing To Stroek / Betsy B. Love, James F. Meschia, José Biller -- Cerebral Venous Thrombosis / Rima M. Dafer, José Biller -- Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage / Eugene R. Schnitzler, Marc G. Weiss -- Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage / José Biller, Michael Schneck -- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage In Young Adults ./ Lotfi Hacein-bay, Thomas C. Origitano, José Biller -- Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Thomas J. Altstadt, Mitesh V. Shah -- Vascular Disorders Of The Spinal Cord In Children And Young Adults / Richard B. Rodgers, Michael B. Pritz. [edited By] José Biller. Expert Consult--cover. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web.