Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology : Handbook of Stress Series, Volume 2

Description Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology: Handbook of Stress Series, Volume 2, focuses on neuroendocrinology, the discipline that deals with the way that the brain controls hormonal secretion, and in turn, the way that hormones control the brain. There have been significant advances in our understanding of neuroendocrine molecular and epigenetic mechanisms, especially in the way in which stress-induced hormonal and neurochemical changes affect brain plasticity, neuronal connectivity, and synaptic function. The book features the topic of epigenetics, and how it enables stress and other external factors to affect genetic transmission and expression without changes in DNA sequence. Integrated closely with new behavioral findings and relevance to human disorders, the concepts and data in this volume offer the reader cutting-edge information on the neuroendocrinology of stress. Front Cover......Page 2 STRESS: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGYAND NEUROBIOLOGY......Page 3 How to Use......Page 4 STRESS:NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 List of Contributors......Page 13 Preface......Page 15 1 - NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROLOF THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 17 1 - Stress Neuroendocrinology: Highlights and Controversies......Page 19 NEUROENDOCRINE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS CONTROL OF STRESS RESPONSE......Page 20 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS: GENE×ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION......Page 21 Neuroendocrine Correlates: No Consistent Evidence for Hypocortisolemia in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 22 Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of PTSD: Robust Evidence for Increased Sympathetic Activity and Arousal in PTSD......Page 23 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Conflict......Page 24 Impact of Normal Variability of Hippocampal Volume......Page 25 GASTRODUODENAL (PEPTIC) ULCERS: STRESS–HELICOBACTER PYLORI INTERACTIONS......Page 26 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS......Page 27 References......Page 28 INTRODUCTION......Page 33 KINDS OF STRESS AND THEIR UNDERPINNINGS......Page 34 LIMBIC MODULATION OF THE HPA AXIS......Page 35 INHIBITORY MODULATION: HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX......Page 36 MECHANISMS OF HPA MODULATION FOLLOWING REPEATED STRESS EXPOSURE......Page 37 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE......Page 39 References......Page 40 3 - Adrenergic Neurons in the CNS......Page 45 PROJECTIONS......Page 46 FUNCTIONS......Page 50 CONCLUSION......Page 51 References......Page 52 4 - Noradrenergic Control of Arousal and Stress......Page 55 Circuitry: α1 and β Receptors Promote Arousal in a Network of Subcortical Regions......Page 56 Noradrenergic Modulation of Neuronal Information Processing......Page 59 Attention: Flexible versus Focused......Page 60 Stress-Related Neuronal Plasticity......Page 61 Acknowledgments......Page 62 References......Page 63 INTRODUCTION......Page 65 EVOLUTION OF THE CRF FAMILY IN CHORDATES AND ROLE WITH THE HPA AXIS......Page 66 PRECHORDATE EVOLUTION OF THE CRF FAMILY......Page 69 References......Page 70 INTRODUCTION......Page 73 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND UROCORTIN RECEPTOR FAMILY......Page 74 Receptor Family Subtypes......Page 75 Interaction of Peptide and Nonpeptide Ligands......Page 76 The Argument for Receptor Kinetics......Page 77 Central Nervous System Indications......Page 78 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 79 References......Page 80 INTRODUCTION......Page 83 HINDBRAIN CATECHOLAMINE INPUTS TO THE CRH NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 84 IN VIVO INTERROGATION OF CATECHOLAMINE-CRH NEURON COUPLING......Page 85 CATECHOLAMINES ARE SUFFICIENT TO RECAPITULATE EFFECTS OF GLYCEMIC CHALLENGES ON CRH NEURONS......Page 88 CATECHOLAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM HINDBRAIN ARE NECESSARY FOR CRH RESPONSES TO GLYCEMIC CHALLENGES......Page 89 EXTENDING THE STUDY TO A LARGER NETWORK: FOCUS ON THE ARCUATE HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS......Page 91 Acknowledgments......Page 94 References......Page 95 8 - Neural Circuitry of Stress, Fear, and Anxiety: Focus on Extended Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Systems......Page 99 Subpopulations of EA CRF Neurons Based on Neurochemical Phenotypes......Page 100 EXTENDING THE AMYGDALA: CRF SYSTEMS AND THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF STRESS, FEAR, AND ANXIETY......Page 101 RECIPROCAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EA CRF AND SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS MODULATE ANXIETY......Page 102 EA CRF PROJECTIONS TO THE LOCUS COERULEUS FACILITATE STRESS-INDUCED AROUSAL AND ANXIETY STATES......Page 103 EA CRF SYSTEM AT THE INTERFACE OF STRESS AND MOTIVATION/REWARD......Page 104 EA CRF NEURONS RECEIVES PEPTIDERGIC INPUT FROM THE PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS......Page 105 CRF INTERACTION WITH THE BRAIN RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM......Page 106 EA CRF NEURONS MODULATE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVITY......Page 107 References......Page 109 INTRODUCTION......Page 113 Hypothalamo-Infundibular Tract......Page 114 Other Cell Bodies and Extrahypothalamic Projections......Page 115 Properties of Receptors for Vasopressin......Page 116 Gq/11......Page 117 Signaling Reactions of V2 Receptors......Page 118 AVP and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Adrenocortical Axis......Page 119 AVP and Inflammation......Page 120 References......Page 121 INTRODUCTION......Page 125 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN......Page 126 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE FROM PITUITARY CORTICOTROPES......Page 127 CONTROL OF SECRETION......Page 128 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS......Page 129 OTHER EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE......Page 130 References......Page 131 INTRODUCTION......Page 133 MICRORNAS......Page 134 THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN FEAR CONDITIONING......Page 136 The Role of miRNAs in Chronic Stress-Induced Major Depression......Page 137 CIRCULATING MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR STRESS-RELATED PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES......Page 138 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 139 References......Page 140 INTRODUCTION......Page 143 BODY TO BRAIN SIGNALING OF STRESS AND INFLAMMATION......Page 144 MICRORNAS-DRIVEN CHOLINERGIC MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION......Page 145 NEW TECHNOLOGIES: RNA-SEQUENCE PROFILING AND CHEMICALLY PROTECTED ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES......Page 146 References......Page 148 STRESS, TIME DOMAINS, AND MEDIATORS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 151 ADULT NEUROGENESIS......Page 152 STRESS AND ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS......Page 153 LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF EARLY, PERINATAL STRESS EXPOSURE; SEX DIFFERENCES......Page 154 References......Page 156 THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM......Page 163 ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) AND THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 164 ALCOHOL, EPIGENETIC AND STRESS RESPONSE......Page 166 References......Page 167 INTRODUCTION......Page 169 NEUROBIOLOGY OF PANIC DISORDER AND PANIC ATTACKS......Page 170 Dorsomedial/Perifornical Hypothalamus, Panic Attacks, and Panic Disorder......Page 171 Serotonin, Panic Attacks, and Panic Disorder......Page 172 ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS......Page 173 Inhibitory Role of Serotonin in the DPAG: Behavioral and Physiological Outcomes......Page 175 Inhibitory Role of Serotonin in the DMH: Behavioral and Physiological Outcomes......Page 176 References......Page 177 INTRODUCTION: ADAPATIVE AND MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 181 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK/GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR......Page 183 PERTURBATIONS OF THE HPA AXIS AS A VULNERABILITY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PTSD......Page 184 References......Page 185 INTRODUCTION......Page 189 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis......Page 191 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Stress Response......Page 192 Immune System and Stress Response......Page 193 Feedback Control of the HPA Axis in Stress......Page 194 NEUROENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES IN CHRONIC STRESS AND DEPRESSION......Page 195 PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND DEPRESSION: A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 196 CONCLUSION......Page 197 References......Page 198 INTRODUCTION......Page 201 FACTORS IMPACTING TELOMERE LENGTH......Page 202 EARLY LIFE STRESS AND TELOMERES......Page 203 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY LIFE STRESS AND TELOMERE LENGTH......Page 204 Clinical Study Design: Cross-Section Versus Longitudinal Measurements......Page 205 References......Page 206 II - ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND MECHANISMS IN STRESS CONTROL......Page 211 INTRODUCTION......Page 213 STRESSORS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 214 Development of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis......Page 216 Effects of Maternal Gestational Stress on the CNS......Page 217 Neonatal Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function......Page 218 ADOLESCENCE......Page 219 Consequences of Adolescent Stressors......Page 220 References......Page 221 INTRODUCTION......Page 223 THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 225 THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS AND NORMAL AGING......Page 226 Reactive Cortisol......Page 227 The General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 228 The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis......Page 229 Allostatic Load Models......Page 230 Life History Theory......Page 232 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 233 References......Page 234 BACKGROUND......Page 237 MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS: CHARACTERIZATION......Page 238 ALDOSTERONE, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS......Page 239 PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM......Page 240 References......Page 241 ANDROGENS MAJOR FORMS OF ANDROGENS......Page 243 Androgen Origins......Page 244 Androgen Synthesis Pathways......Page 245 Function......Page 246 Nongenomic Androgen Actions......Page 247 ANDROGEN-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGY......Page 248 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND ANDROGENS......Page 249 References......Page 250 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme......Page 253 ENDOCRINE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM......Page 254 RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND STRESS......Page 255 References......Page 257 INTRODUCTION......Page 259 Renin......Page 260 Angiotensinogen......Page 261 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme......Page 262 Type 1 AngII Receptors (AT1R)......Page 263 Type 2 Angiotensin Receptors......Page 264 Ang IV Receptor......Page 265 Angiotensin and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activity......Page 266 The Renin–Angiotensin System and Behavior......Page 267 Angiotensin II and Water Homeostasis......Page 268 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 269 References......Page 270 STRUCTURE OF ANX-A1......Page 273 DISTRIBUTION OF ANX-A1......Page 274 THE ANX-A1 RECEPTOR......Page 275 Control of Inflammatory Resolution......Page 276 ANX-A1–DERIVED PEPTIDES......Page 277 References......Page 278 PHARMACOLOGY OF CRF/UROCORTIN RECEPTOR SYSTEMS......Page 281 Subtype-Selective Peptide CRF Receptor Antagonists......Page 282 Pharmacophore and Selectivity......Page 283 Lipophilicity......Page 285 Anxiety Disorders......Page 286 Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 287 Pregnancy and Parturition......Page 288 Glossary......Page 289 References......Page 290 Further Reading......Page 293 INTRODUCTION......Page 295 The Glucocorticoid Receptors......Page 296 ANTIDEPRESSANTS EFFECTS ON GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS......Page 297 The Effects of Antidepressants on GR Function......Page 298 Mechanisms of Antidepressants Actions on GR......Page 299 References......Page 300 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND STABILITY OF LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS......Page 303 ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES ON LIPID CONCENTRATIONS AND LIPID VARIABILITY......Page 304 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS......Page 305 Behavioral Factors......Page 306 Hemoconcentration......Page 307 FUTURE......Page 308 References......Page 309 INTRODUCTION......Page 311 OVERALL STRUCTURE......Page 312 RECEPTOR VARIANTS......Page 313 FINDING NUCLEAR TARGETS......Page 314 Coregulators......Page 315 References......Page 316 30 - Glucocorticoid Receptor: Genetics and Epigenetics in Veterans With PTSD......Page 319 PTSD AS A GENETIC DISORDER......Page 320 PTSD AS AN EPIGENETIC DISORDER......Page 321 References......Page 322 INTRODUCTION......Page 325 STRESS AND COGNITION: ACUTE EFFECTS......Page 326 Stress and Multiple Memory Systems......Page 328 Cognitive Effects of Chronic Stress During Adulthood......Page 329 References......Page 330 INTRODUCTION......Page 333 LEARNING AND MEMORY IS IMPAIRED IN MALES FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS......Page 334 LEARNING AND MEMORY IS ENHANCED IN FEMALES FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS......Page 335 ROLE OF ESTROGENS IN COGNITIVE RESILIENCE TO STRESS......Page 336 CHRONIC STRESS INCREASES ANXIETY IN BOTH SEXES......Page 337 SEX DIFFERENCES IN STRESS EFFECTS ON NEURONAL FUNCTION......Page 339 Acknowledgments......Page 340 References......Page 341 The Stress Response......Page 343 Corticosteroid Receptors: Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling......Page 344 Active and Passive Membrane Properties......Page 345 Amino Acid Transmission......Page 348 Rapid Effects on Synaptic Plasticity......Page 349 Slow Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity......Page 350 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 353 References......Page 354 DEFINITION: 11Β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE......Page 359 11Β-HSD2 IN THE ADULT CNS......Page 360 FETAL PROGRAMMING OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 361 11Β-HSD1 AND THE HPA AXIS......Page 362 CONCLUSIONS......Page 363 References......Page 364 INTRODUCTION......Page 367 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis......Page 368 Metabolic Dysregulation Related to Chronic Stress......Page 369 CHRONIC STRESS, DEPRESSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 371 OBESITY-RELATED INFLAMMATION AS A CHRONIC STRESS STATE......Page 372 References......Page 373 CHOLESTEROL SIDE-CHAIN CLEAVAGE ENZYME: CYP11A1......Page 375 17-HYDROXYLASE: CYP17A1......Page 377 21-HYDROXYLASE: CYP21A2......Page 378 11Β-HYDROXYLASES: CYP11B1 AND CYP11B2......Page 379 References......Page 380 INTRODUCTION......Page 383 Chemical Aspects......Page 386 Pharmacokinetics......Page 388 Pharmacodynamics......Page 389 Chemical Aspects......Page 390 Antimineralocorticoids......Page 392 Pharmacodynamics......Page 393 Concomitant MR Stimulation During Glucocorticoid Therapy......Page 394 Brain MR and GR: Targets for Therapy......Page 395 Diagnostic Use......Page 396 References......Page 397 INTRODUCTION......Page 401 The Molecular Clockwork......Page 402 STRESS......Page 404 The Circadian and Ultradian Release of Glucocorticoids......Page 405 Acute Stress and the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 406 Stress and Depressive-Like Behavior Might be Linked to the Circadian Clock......Page 407 References......Page 408 INTRODUCTION......Page 411 THE NONGENOMIC EFFECTS OF GC ACTIONS RELATED TO CLINICAL USAGES......Page 412 The Nongenomic Effects of GCs in Antishock Action......Page 413 THE NONGENOMIC MECHANISM OF GC ACTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS......Page 414 References......Page 415 III - DIURNAL, SEASONAL, AND ULTRADIAN SYSTEMS......Page 417 CHRONOBIOLOGY AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS......Page 419 STRESS AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS......Page 420 STRESS AND INDIVIDUAL CHRONOTYPE......Page 421 A NOVEL STRESS-RELATED MODEL OF CARDIAC DISEASE WITH POSSIBLE CIRCADIAN VARIATION: TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 422 References......Page 425 INTRODUCTION......Page 427 SEASONAL ENERGETIC ADAPTATIONS......Page 428 SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION......Page 429 WHY ARE STRESS RESPONSES SEASONALLY VARIABLE?......Page 430 References......Page 433 Further Reading......Page 434 EVIDENCE FOR SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHMS......Page 437 WHY DO SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHMS EXIST?......Page 439 AVIAN MIGRATION: TESTING SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHM HYPOTHESES......Page 441 References......Page 442 ULTRADIAN RHYTHM OF THE HPA AXIS......Page 445 THE ORIGIN AND REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID PULSATILITY......Page 446 IMPORTANCE OF PULSATILITY FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR......Page 447 CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF PULSATILITY......Page 450 References......Page 451 A......Page 455 C......Page 456 F......Page 457 I......Page 458 P......Page 459 S......Page 460 Z......Page 461 Back Cover......Page 463 Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology: Handbook of Stress Series, Volume 2, focuses on neuroendocrinology, the discipline that deals with the way that the brain controls hormonal secretion, and in turn, the way that hormones control the brain. There have been significant advances in our understanding of neuroendocrine molecular and epigenetic mechanisms, especially in the way in which stress-induced hormonal and neurochemical changes affect brain plasticity, neuronal connectivity, and synaptic function. The book features the topic of epigenetics, and how it enables stress and other external factors to affect genetic transmission and expression without changes in DNA sequence. Integrated closely with new behavioral findings and relevance to human disorders, the concepts and data in this volume offer the reader cutting-edge information on the neuroendocrinology of stress. Volume 2 is of prime interest to neuroscientists, clinicians, researchers, academics, and graduate students in neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, biomedicine, endocrinology, psychology, psychiatry, and in some areas of the social sciences, including stress and its management in the workplace. Includes chapters that offer impressive scope with topics addressing the neuroendocrinology and endocrinology of stress Presents articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors that represent outstanding scholarship in the field Richly illustrated, with explanatory figures and tables