Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior: Handbook of Stress Series, Volume 1 (Handbook in Stress)

__Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior: Handbook in Stress Series, Volume 1__, examines stress and its management in the workplace and is targeted at scientific and clinical researchers in biomedicine, psychology, and some aspects of the social sciences. The audience is appropriate faculty and graduate and undergraduate students interested in stress and its consequences. The format allows access to specific self-contained stress subsections without the need to purchase the whole nine volume __Stress__ handbook series. This makes the publication much more affordable than the previously published four volume __Encyclopedia of Stress__ (Elsevier 2007) in which stress subsections were arranged alphabetically and therefore required purchase of the whole work. This feature will be of special significance for individual scientists and clinicians, as well as laboratories. In this first volume of the series, the primary focus will be on general stress concepts as well as the areas of cognition, emotion, and behavior. * Offers chapters with impressive scope, covering topics including the interactions between stress, cognition, emotion and behaviour * Features articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors representing outstanding scholarship in the field * Includes rich illustrations with explanatory figures and tables * Includes boxed call out sections that serve to explain key concepts and methods * Allows access to specific self-contained stress subsections without the need to purchase the whole nine volume __Stress__ handbook series Front Matter Copyright List of Contributors Preface Stress, Definitions, Mechanisms, and Effects Outlined: Lessons from Anxiety Introduction Key Points Stress Definitions But Is the Stress Response ``Nonspecific ́ ́ as Proposed by Hans Selye? Fear Versus Anxiety.What Are the Differences? Biological Response to Stress Stress Neuroendocrinology Outlined Central Neural Stress-Response Mechanisms Amygdala: Pivotal Role in Fear, Memory, Attention, and Anxiety Conclusions and Relevance for Stress and Anxiety Management Glossary References The Alarm Phase and the General Adaptation Syndrome: Two Aspects of Selyes Inconsistent Legacy Introduction Key Points Criticisms of the GAS Bridging the Chasm Between Cannon and Selye Learning About Stress Habituation Sensitization Dishabituation Related Studies Evidence for Stressor-Specific Neuroendocrine Signatures Conclusions References Corticosteroid Receptor Balance Hypothesis: Implications for Stress-Adaptation Introduction Key Points MR, GR, and Cellular Homeostasis Processing of Stressful Information Anticipation Appraisal and Selection of Behavioral Response Anxiolytic and Antiaggressive Activity of MR Blockade Habit Versus Spatial Learning Behavioral Adaptation Setpoint in CORT Oscillations Testing the Balance Hypothesis Changing Bioavailability of CORT Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in MR:GR Balance Effect of Chronic Stress Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References The Fight-or-Flight Response: A Cornerstone of Stress Research Introduction The Concept of Homeostasis Key Points The Fight-or-Flight Response Fight-or-Flight Taken to an Extreme Theories of Emotions The Legacy of Walter B. Cannon References Central Role of the Brain in Stress and Adaptation: Allostasis, Biological Embedding, and Cumulative Change Introduction Key Points Homeostasis, Allostasis and Allostatic Load and Overload Characteristics of Homeostatic Systems Need for Refocusing What is Stress? Stressors and Stress Responses Individual Differences Allostasis Allostatic States Allostatic Load and Overload Role of Behavior in Allostatic Overload Plasticity and Vulnerability of the Brain Glucocorticoids, Stress, and the Hippocampus Extension of Stress Effects to Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex Translation to the Human Brain Sex Differences in Stress Responsiveness and What This Means for the Rest of the Brain Lessons from Gene Expression Lessons from Epigenetic Influences The Life Course and the Epigenetics of Individual Differences Interventions Acknowledgments References Behavior: Overview Behavioral Responses to Stress Key Points Interactions Between Behavioral and Physiological Components of the Stress Response Behavioral Sources of Stress References Conservation of Resources Theory Applied to Major Stress Key Points The Interdependence of Resources The Origins of Traumatic Stress Principles of COR Theory Principle 1 Principle 2 Corollaries of COR Theory Corollary 1 Corollary 2 Corollary 3 Corollary 4 Practical Implications Conclusion References Control and Stress Introduction Key Points Behavioral Control and Physiological Stress Responses Control and Effort Control and Fear Control and Work Perceived Control Sense of Control Cognitive Control and Coping Self-Control Control and Well-Being Control and Aging Control and Pain Control and Illness Conclusions References Effort-Reward Imbalance Model Background Theory and Measurement The Sociological Basis The Stress-Theoretical Basis Measurement Selected Empirical Evidence Implications for Prevention and Future Research Directions References Environmental Factors Historical Background Key Points The Stress Process The Stress Universe The Social Distribution of Stressors The Impact of Environmental Factors on Stress Social Statuses Age Gender Marital Status Race and Ethnicity Employment Status Socioeconomic Status Social Roles Family Roles The Work Role The Intersection of Work and Family Roles Ambient Strains Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Environmental Stressors References Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Stress Response System Outline Utility of the Stress Response System Key Points Stress and Other Defenses Situations in which Stress is Useful Phylogeny of the Stress Response Cross-Species Comparisons Cost-Benefit Trade-offs Difficulties in Defining Stress How Does the SRS Help? Immediate Response Adrenal Cortical Response Association with Negative Events Cortisol as Protection Against Other Aspects of Stress Adaptive Regulation of Stress Responsiveness Mismatch Between Ancestral and Modern Environments Glossary References Life Events Scale Outline The Importance of Assessing Life Events and Stress Exposure Key Points Major Life Events Stress Appraisal Chronic Stressors Daily Hassles Future Directions in Research Involving Life Events Scales References Psychological Stressors: Overview Outline Historical and General Considerations Historical Matters Key Points Early Ideas and Research Conceptual Developments Stressor Characteristics Animal Laboratory Research Human Experimental and Field Studies Individual Differences Animal Laboratory Research Human Life Stress Research Methodological Considerations and Recent Developments Animal Laboratory Research Human Studies of Stressful Life Events Human Studies Employing Other Measures of Psychological Stressors References Remodeling of Neural Networks by Stress Outline Early Ideas About the Stress Response Activation of Brain Systems Key Points Structural Plasticity of the Mature Brain Remodeling of Brain Cells by Stress Stress Suppresses Neurogenesis in the Adult Dentate Gyrus Plasticity of Glial Cells Plastic Changes of Brain Cells are Reflected by Alterations in Gene Expression Structural Changes are Reversible Conclusions References Epigenetics, Stress, and Their Potential Impact on Brain Network Function Outline Introduction Key Points The Epigenetics Revolution in Biology The HPA Axis and Measures of the Central Nervous System Epigenetic Mediation of Stress-Related Processes Pathways I: Stress, Epigenetics and Synaptic Plasticity Pathways II: Toward Brain Network Function References Cognition and Stress Outline Environmental, Biological, and Cognitive Components of Stress Key Points Cognition and Stress: Cognitive Origins of Stress Cognitive Appraisal Cognitive Vulnerability Stress and Cognition: Cognitive Consequences of Stress Cognitive Effects of Acute Stress Cognitive Effects of Prolonged Stress References Stress, Memory, and Memory Impairment Outline Introduction Key Points Memory Working Memory and Stress Implicit Memory and Stress Explicit Memory and Stress Episodic Memory and Stress Autobiographical Memories and Stress Stress and Memory Encoding Stress and Memory Consolidation Stress and Memory Retrieval Reconsolidation Conclusion References Effects of Stress on Learning and Memory Outline Effects of Stress on Learning and Memory in Humans Introduction Key Points The Conceptual and Anatomical Basis in Humans of Learning and Memory Mechanisms Behind the Relationship Between Stress, Learning, and Memory Vulnerability of Human Memory Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval in Stressful, and Emotionally Loaded Situations Summary Effects of Stress on Learning and Memory in Animals Introduction Stress Hormones and Learning Hippocampus and Learning in Animals Amygdala and Learning in Animals Summary Glossary References Trauma and Memory Outline Characteristics of Traumatic Memory Sensory-Perceptual Representation Autobiographic Contextual Memory Neurobiological Basis of Memory and Trauma References Stress, Trauma, and Memory in PTSD Outline Introduction Key Points Overview of the Neurobiology of Stress Impacts of Extreme Stress on Brain Circuitry Implications for Memory in PTSD Enhanced Recall of Trauma-Related Information Dissociation Impaired New Learning Neuropsychological Correlates of PTSD Psychological Theories of PTSD Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD Centrality of Memory to Psychological Theories of PTSD Psychological Treatment of PTSD Summary References Adolescent Cognitive Control: Brain Network Dynamics Outline Introduction Key Points Early Research Implicating the Frontal Lobes Brain Networks of Cognitive Control Network Activations and Deactivations Interactions Within and Between Networks Large-Scale Network Dynamics Using Graph Theory to Investigate Brain Networks Developmental Network Changes Brain Network Dynamics During Adolescence Future Directions and Concluding Remarks References The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neural Correlates of Deficient Biological Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress Outline Introduction Key Points Deficient Stress Reactivity Motivational Dysfunction Cognitive Ability, Tests of Respiratory Function, and Deficient Stress Reactivity Deficient Stress Reactions and Neural Hypoactivation Deficient Stress Reactivity and Other Behavioral Manifestations of Poor Motivational Regulation The Origins of Deficient Stress Reactivity The Reactivity Hypothesis Revisited: Inverted-U or Orthogonal Processes Biological Disengagement: A Wider Phenomenon Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References When the Work Is Not Enough: The Sinister Stress of Boredom Key Points References Anxiety Disorders Outline Introduction Key Points Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Social Anxiety Disorder Social Phobia Specific Phobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Treatment Pharmacotherapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Conclusion References The Post-Traumatic Syndromes Outline The Evolution of the Construct Key Points Contentious Issues The Nature of the Stressor Vicarious Exposure PTSD as a Social and Political Construct The Ephemeral Nature of Traumatic Memories Compensation Putative Subtypes Who Gets PTSD? Treatment Conclusions References Distress Outline Introduction Assessment of Distress Key Points Influences on Distress Physiological Influences Cognitive Influences Social Influences Individual Differences in Vulnerability to Distress Neuroticism and Negative Affect Distress Vulnerability and Resilience Contextualized Traits Psychological Concomitants of Distress Attention and Performance Clinical Disorder References Depersonalization: Systematic Assessment Outline Definition and Characteristics Key Points Etiology Assessment with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised Case Study Sample SCID-D-R Psychological Evaluation Conclusions Glossary References Emotional Inhibition Outline Emotion and Inhibition Key Points Domains of Emotional Inhibition Pathways from Emotional Inhibition to Health Disorders and Illness Behaviors The Neurobiology of Emotional Inhibition Neurobiological Pathways Social-Behavioral Pathways Cognitive Pathways Rituals and Therapeutic Interventions References Chronic Stress, Regulation of Emotion, and Functional Activity of the Brain Outline Stress Key Points Emotion Regulation Functional Activity and Emotion Regulation fMRI Studies of Reappraisal fMRI Studies of Suppression fMRI Studies of Rumination Chronic Stress and Emotion Regulation Stigma and Stress Caretaking and Stress PTSD PTSD and Experiential Avoidance PTSD and Suppression PTSD and Rumination Emotion Regulation, PTSD, and Brain Functioning PTSD and Brain Functioning Summary General Conclusion References Neuroimaging and Emotion Outline Emotion Key Points Definition of Emotion Emotion Perception and Attention Decision-Making Memory and Learning Interoception and Subjective Feeling States Social Interaction Emotion Regulation Emotion Dysregulation References Further Reading Rumination, Stress, and Emotion Key Points References Psychology of Suicide Outline Introduction Key Points The Relationship Between Stress and Suicide The Adequacy of Stressors The Situation Stress-Diathesis Models of Suicide What is a Diathesis? Zhang's Strain Theory of Suicide Schotte and Clum Williams's Cry of Pain Model O'Connor's Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model16 Mann, Waternaux, Haas, and Malone Physiological Correlates of Stress and Suicide Neurotransmitters The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Preventing Suicide References Sociology of Suicide Outline Introduction Durkheim's Theory Key Points Fatalistic Suicide Henry and Short's Theory Naroll's Theory Culture Conflict Measuring Regional Stress Multivariate Studies of Regional Suicide Rates Nonfatal Suicide Behavior References Cortisol Awakening Response Outline Introduction Key Points The Biological Origins of the CAR Measurement of the CAR Factors Affecting the CAR Gender and Age Time of Waking Sleep Duration and Quality Smoking Significance for Stress and Health Research An Acute Anticipation Response Life Stress and the CAR Depression and Anxiety Fatigue and Burnout Physical Health Conclusions References Anger Outline Anger and Stress Key Points The Experience and Expression of Anger Anger Physiology Anger Dyscontrol: Physical and Psychological Health Problems Anger Treatment References Aggressive Behavior and Social Stress Outline Introduction Key Points The Sociobiology of Feral Rodents Experimental Laboratory Models of Aggression Aggressive Behavior: Different Forms in Both Animals and Humans Aggressive Behavior and Stress Acute Social Stress Models Defeat Victory Chronic Social Stress Models Individual Differences in Aggressiveness and Coping with Social Stress Concluding Remarks References The Amygdala and Fear Outline Amygdala Anatomy Key Points The Amygdala and Fear Conditioning in Animals The Amygdala and Fear in Humans: Evidence from Lesion Studies The Amygdala and Fear in Humans: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies The Amygdala and Psychopathology References Aging and Psychological Stress Outline Introduction Key Points Regulation of Stress-Response Allostasis and Age-Related Disease Allostatic Load; AL Primary and Secondary Markers of AL and Stress Response Tertiary Markers of AL and Stress-Response and Central Role of the Brain Glucocorticoids and Vascular Risk Traumatic Life Stress Metabolic Syndrome Allostatic Load Index References Childbirth and Stress Outline Key Points Childbirth and Stress Theoretical Models of Childbirth and Trauma Impact of Traumatic Childbirth Costs of Traumatic Childbirth and Clinical Implications Conclusions References Stress Generation Outline Introduction Key Points Definitional and Methodological Considerations Evidence for Stress Generation Predictors of Stress Generation Negative Cognitive Style Maladaptive Interpersonal Behavior Childhood Maltreatment Moderators of Stress Generation Genetic Factors Sex Differences Summary and Directions for Future Research References Caregivers and Stress Outline Stress Process Model as a Guide Health Effects of Care-Related Stress Intervention for Caregivers Institutional Care Summary References Fatigue and Stress* Outline Key Points Clinical Diagnostic Perspective Fatigue as an Adaptive Response to Stress Psychophysiological and Biological Perspective External Demands in the Work Environment Biobehavioral and Psychosomatic Perspective Conclusions References Burnout Outline Definition and Assessment Key Points Assessment Engagement Psychosocial Factors A Mediation Model of Burnout Job Characteristics: Six Areas of Worklife Personal Characteristics Implications for Interventions Using the Mediation Model in Interventions Future Work on Intervention References Coping Process Outline Stress and Coping Key Points Ways of Coping Tripartite Model of Coping Problem-Focused Coping Emotion-Focused Coping Relationship-Focused Coping Combined Coping Functions Coping Effectiveness A Contextual Model of Coping Features of the Situation Features of the Person Social Context Cultural Context Summary References Combat Stress Outline The Unique Context of Combat Stress Key Points Combat Zone Stressors Combat Stress Reactions and Clinical Intervention When Combat Stress Reactions Become Chronic: The Development of PTSD Biological Theories Cognitive Behavioral Theories Emotional Processing Theory Social Cognitive Theory Reintegration: Homecoming after Combat Protective Factors Conclusions References Survivor Guilt Outline Introduction History of the Concept of Survivor Guilt Different Types of Survivor Guilt Posttraumatic Manifestations of Survivor Guilt Purpose of Survivor Guilt Treatment of Survivor Guilt Refugees: Stress in Trauma Outline Introduction Key Points Refugee Trauma Postmigration Psychiatric Disorders Among Refugees The Course of Trauma Syndrome Among Refugees Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease Evaluation of the Refugee Patient Treatment Medicine Future Research Approaches References Stress in Emergency Personnel Outline Introduction Key Points Critical Incidents and Emergency Personnel Critical Incident Stress Crisis Intervention Principles of Crisis Intervention Goals of Crisis Intervention Critical Incident Stress Management Strategic CISM Services Strategic CISM Planning Formula CISM Techniques The Status of CISM Positive Effects of CISM The Future of CISM References Stress in Policing Outline Scope of the Stress Problem in Policing Sources of Stress in Policing Key Points Critical Incident Stress Secondary Traumatic Stress Organizational Stress Impact of Stress on Police Officers Psychological Physiological Behavioral Spiritual Impact on Police Families Conclusion References Peacekeeping Outline Types of Peacekeeping Missions Operation Restore Hope and Operation Continue Hope in Somalia Key Points Operation Joint Endeavor and Operation Joint Guard in Bosnia-Herzegovina Recently Established Peacekeeping Missions Unique Stressors of Peacekeeping Psychological and Behavioral Impact of Peacekeeping Conclusions and Recommendations References Optimism, Pessimism, and Stress Outline Dispositional Optimism Key Points Optimism and Stress Goal Engagement Coping Self-Regulation Mental Well-being Physical Well-being How to Improve Optimism Conclusion References Chronic Pain and Perceived Stress Outline Introduction Key Points The Experience of Pain Sensory Dimension Affective Dimension Responding to Threat Factors Contributing to Chronic Pain and Pain-Related Stress Theories of Pain and the Relationship to Stress Pain-Related Neurobiological and Biological Findings Neurobiological Findings Acute Pain Chronic Pain Acute Stress Biological Acute Pain Chronic Pain Perceived Stress Future Directions Quantification of Pain Composite of Biological Measures Interventions Conclusion References Industrialized Societies Outline Process of Industrialization and Epidemiological Transition Key Points Stressful Social Environments and Health Stressful Experience and Health-Related Lifestyles Impact of Social Disintegration on Health Stress at Work and Health Concluding Remarks References Indigenous Societies Outline Introduction Stress in Unacculturated Indigenous Societies Key Points Stress and Acculturation in Indigenous Societies Stress and Migration Conclusion References Diet and Stress: Interactions with Emotions and Behavior Outline Introduction Key Points Animal Research into Stress and Eating Behavior Human Research into Stress and Food Intake Naturalistic Studies Laboratory Studies Obesity and Stress-Induced Eating Stress, Restraint, and Emotional Eating Stress and Food Choice Chocolate: A Unique Mood-Enhancing Food? Mechanisms Relating Stress to Eating Neurohormonal Pathways Opioids Dopamine Serotonin Neuroendocrine Systems Biobehavioral Pathways Summary References Stretched Thin: Stress, In-Role, and Extra-Role Behavior of Educators Outline Introduction Key Points Extra-Role Behavior Extra-Role Behavior in Educational Settings Managing Extra-Role Behavior and Stress Conclusion References Stress and Coping in the Menopause Outline Psychological Stress Physiological Reaction to Stress Key Points Stress and the Menopause Menopause as a Source of Stress Stressful Life Events During the Menopause Coping and Menopause Coping Styles Coping with the MT Implications for Menopause Management References Psychosomatic Medicine Outline Introduction Key Points History and Current Developments Psychosocial Factors and Individual Vulnerability Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress and Allostatic Load Personality and Psychological Well-Being Social Support Spirituality Psychosomatic Assessment and Individualized Care Inclusion of Psychosocial Variables in Medical Assessment Personalized Care Multidisciplinary Care Specific Inpatient Units Inpatient Consultation Services Outpatient Services Integration of Psychological Care Psychotherapeutic Interventions Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidity Conclusions References Religion, Stress, and Superheroes Outline Religion as a Concept Key Points Religion as Cure for Stress Philosophical Aspects Popular Culture and Mass Media Psychological Aspects Antidote to Aloneness, Abandonment, and Dependency Decreased Sense of Randomness and Uncertainty Cognitive Coping Techniques Role Models for Stress Endurance Consolation, Devaluation, and Dissociation Temporal and Physical Escapes from Stress Social Aspects Somatic Aspects Side Effects of Stress Relief Religion as a Cause of Stress Religion as a Correlate of Stress References Further Reading Dental Stress Outline Introduction Psychological Couplings of the Oral Region Key Points Dental Fear, Phobic Reactions, and Panic Disorder Psychosomatic Manifestations in Dentistry General Principles of Prevention Management of Dental Fear Management of Psychosomatic Manifestations Conclusion References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

The Handbook is targeted at scientific and clinical researchers in biomedicine, psychology and some aspects of the social sciences including stress and its management in the workplace. The audience would comprise appropriate faculty and graduate and undergraduate students interested in stress and its consequences. The format will allow access to specific self-contained stress subsections without the need to purchase the whole 9-volume Stress handbook series. This will make the publication much more affordable than the previously published 4-volume Encyclopedia of Stress (Elsevier 2007) in which stress subsections were arranged alphabetically and therefore required purchase of the whole work. This feature will be of special significance for individual scientists/clinicians as well as laboratories. In this first volume of the series, the primary focus will be on general stress concepts as well as the areas of cognition, emotion, and behavior.

• Chapters offer impressive scope with topics addressing the interactions between stress, cognition, emotion and behaviour
• Articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors representing outstanding scholarship in the field, chapters fully vetted for expert knowledge
• Richly illustrated with explanatory figures and tables
• Each chapter will have boxed "how do we know?" call out sections that serve to explain key concepts and methods
• Priced affordably, readers will have access to Volume 1 without the need to purchase the whole Handbook. This represents a significant advantage over the previously published 4-volume Encyclopedia of Stress in which stress subsections were in alphabetical order and therefore required purchase of the whole work