Stratospheric Flight: Aeronautics at the Limit (Springer Praxis Books / Popular Science)Aeronautics

The stratosphere is the highest layer of Earth's atmosphere where aircraft can still fly. The density of the air is just high enough here to generate lift on a wing or buoyancy on a balloon, so designing any stratospheric aircraft is a delicate technological balancing act for the engineer. Designing and operating an aircraft capable of conveying humans to the stratosphere is more challenging still: biologically, we simply do not belong up there. Temperatures often as low as -80C ( -112F) and an ambient pressure rapidly diminishing with altitude make for an extremely forbidding environment. In fact, as we pass 50 000 feet (the lower end of Concorde's cruising altitude range), we enter the space equivalent zone - from a physiological point of view we might as well be in low Earth orbit. ¡ The fact that stratospheric flight is possible at all - moreover, even safe and economical, at least in the lower stratosphere - is made possible by some relatively recent advances in our understanding of the science of high altitude flight. This book charts some of these developments; at the same time, it is a catalog of ways in which the stratosphere can catch out even the well-prepared flyer. Naturally, the failures of early explorers have signposted many of these dangers, but, as regular news headlines and the series of vignettes that punctuate the book illustrate, the learning curve has not levelled off, it has merely become shallower. Stratospheric flight is still aviation at the limit In this book, Dr. Andras Sobester reviews the science behind high altitude flight. He takes the reader on a journey that begins with the complex physiological questions involved in taking humans into the "death zone." How does the body react to falling ambient pressure? Why is hypoxia (oxygen deficiency associated with low air pressure) so dangerous and why is it so difficult to 'design out' of aircraft, why does it still cause fatalities in the 21st century? What cabin pressures are air passengers and military pilots exposed to and why is the choice of an appropriate range of values such a difficult problem? How do high altitude life support systems work and what happens if they fail? What happens if cabin pressure is lost suddenly or, even worse, slowly and unnoticed? The second part of the book tackles the aeronautical problems of flying in the upper atmosphere. What loads does stratospheric flight place on pressurized cabins at high altitude and why are these difficult to predict? What determines the maximum altitude an aircraft can climb to? What is the 'coffin corner' and how can it be avoided? The history of aviation has seen a handful of airplanes reach altitudes in excess of 70,000 feet - what are the extreme engineering challenges of climbing into the upper stratosphere? Flying high makes very high speeds possible -- what are the practical limits? The key advantage of stratospheric flight is that the aircraft will be 'above the weather' - but is this always the case? Part three of the book investigates the extreme atmospheric conditions that may be encountered in the upper atmosphere. How high can a storm cell reach and what is it like to fly into one? How frequent is high altitude 'clear air' turbulence, what causes it and what are its effects on aircraft? The stratosphere can be extremely cold - how cold does it have to be before flight becomes unsafe? What happens when an aircraft encounters volcanic ash at high altitude? Very high winds can be encountered at the lower boundary of the stratosphere - what effect do they have on aviation? Finally, part four looks at the extreme limits of stratospheric flight. How high will a winged aircraft will ever be able to fly? What are the ultimate altitude limits of ballooning? What is the greatest altitude that you could still bail out from? And finally, what are the challenges of exploring the stratospheres of other planets and moons? The author discusses these and many other questions, the known knowns, the known unkonwns and the potential unknown unknowns of stratospheric flight through a series of notable moments of the recent history of mankind's forays into the upper atmospheres, each of these incidents, accidents or great triumphs illustrating a key aspect of what makes stratospheric flight aviation at the limit. Cover 1 Springer Praxis Books / Popular Science 2 Stratospheric Flight 4 ISBN 9781441994578 5 Contents 8 Preface 12 Acknowledgements 14 About the author 16 Prologue 18 An Inverted Submarine 21 Millimeters of mercury 24 Part I: In a hostile environment 26 1. A sense of not belonging 28 1.1 In the ‘death zone’ 28 1.2 Bagfuls of O2 31 1.3 From home to near space 32 1.4 Nitrogen bubbles 38 1.5 A head for heights 40 1.6 Cabin altitude – an uneasy compromise 41 1.7 Health matters 44 2. Comfort zone 52 2.1 Adrift 52 2.2 Micro-climate 54 2.3 Cabin pressure 56 2.4 The flick of a switch 58 2.5 Frosted windows 60 2.6 Broken arrow 63 2.7 The captain’s spectacles 66 2.8 40 000 feet – a line in the sand 67 2.9 The bag may not inflate 71 2.10 Disregarded protests 73 2.11 A bottle on the rampage 74 Part II: New heights of flight 78 3. A tale of two Comets 80 3.1 A national symbol 81 3.2 Tu quoque? 85 3.3 A different era 86 3.4 The Hall inquiry 87 3.5 TheW ̈ohler curve 89 3.6 No Highway 90 3.7 Consternation 92 3.8 Epilogue 98 4. Higher 100 4.1 The ‘410’ club 100 4.2 Into thin air 106 4.3 Coffin corner 110 4.4 The trans-Atlantic race 112 4.5 The Swede who could see air 115 5. Faster 120 5.1 Making waves 120 5.2 Supersonic men 124 5.3 Of triumphs of technology and white elephants 126 5.4 Burning through the skies 129 Part III: ‘Above the weather’ 136 6. Deep freeze 138 6.1 A cold morning 138 6.2 Ten hours earlier 139 6.3 Data mining 142 6.4 Melting evidence 143 7. Rivers of air 148 7.1 Meteorology as a weapon of war 148 7.2 A half a kilogram stratospheric aircraft 150 8. Rough ride 156 8.1 The natural state of things 157 8.2 ‘Just so you know’ 160 8.3 Serendipity 163 8.4 Billows 167 8.5 But for a chime 171 8.6 A monstrous cat 174 8.7 An artificial ‘force of nature’ 177 8.8 A strong recommendation 180 9. A gray area 184 9.1 Descent into Anchorage 184 9.2 A modern menace 185 9.3 Too much of a bad thing 187 9.4 The ash forecast 189 9.5 Clear of cloud 190 Part IV: Where next? 192 10. Higher still 194 10.1 96 863 feet 194 10.2 Manhigh 198 10.3 The highest step in the world 201 10.4 Above alien worlds 207 Epilogue 212 Epilogue 212 Part V: Appendices 216 11. Unit conversions 218 12. Temperature profiles around the globe 224 References 232 Index 238 1441994572,9781441994578 Praxis 2011 Front Matter....Pages I-XXIV Front Matter....Pages 1-1 A sense of not belonging....Pages 3-25 Comfort zone....Pages 27-52 Front Matter....Pages 53-53 A tale of two Comets....Pages 55-74 Higher....Pages 75-93 Faster....Pages 95-109 Front Matter....Pages 111-111 Deep freeze....Pages 113-121 Rivers of air....Pages 123-130 Rough ride....Pages 131-157 A gray area....Pages 159-166 Front Matter....Pages 167-167 Higher still....Pages 169-189 Front Matter....Pages 191-191 Unit conversions....Pages 193-198 Temperature profiles around the globe....Pages 199-206 Back Matter....Pages 207-215