Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Strategies for Sustainable Financing: Strategies for Sustainable Financing ... Series World Bank Working Paper No. 136)

Investment in secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has been neglected since the World Conference on Education for All at Jomtien. The World Education Forum at Dakar began to recognize the growing importance of post-primary schooling for development. Only 25 percent of school-age children attend secondary school in the region--and fewer complete successfully, having consequences for gender equity, poverty reduction, and economic growth. As universal primary schooling becomes a reality, demand for secondary schools is increasing rapidly. Gaps between the educational levels of the labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions remain large. Girls are more often excluded from secondary schools than boys. Secondary schooling costs are high to both governments and households. This study explores how access to secondary education can be increased. Radical reforms are needed in low-enrollment countries to make secondary schooling more affordable and to provide more access to the majority currently excluded. The report identifies the rationale for increasing access, reviews the status of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa, charts the growth needed in different countries to reach different levels of participation, identifies the financial constraints on growth, and discusses the reforms needed to make access affordable. It concludes with a road map of ways to increase the probability that more of Africa's children will experience secondary schooling. This Thematic Study Discusses Strategies For Sustainable Financing Of Secondary Education In Sub-saharan Africa. The Report Provides Insight Into Options For Financing The Expansion Of Secondary Education And Training In Africa. This Comes With A Hefty Price Tag And Points To The Need To Undertake Fundamental Reforms Swiftly. This Publication Messages Are Clear: Secondary Education And Training In Sub-saharan Africa Faces The Challenge Of Improved Efficiency And Improved Quality Simultaneously With A Fast Growing Demand. Sustainable Financing Will Also Require More Effective Public-private Partnerships, Because Governments Have Many Priorities And Do Not Have A Lot Of Room For Significant Additional Public Funding Of Post-primary Systems. Educational Reforms Are Needed To Expand Enrollment In Secondary Schooling In Affordable Ways. These Reforms Will Contribute To Poverty Reduction By Increasing The Levels Of Knowledge, Skills, And Capability; Diminishing Inequalities In Access That Limit Social Mobility And Skew Income Distribution; And Contributing To The Achievement Of The Millennium Development Goals (mdgs) That Relate To Education. Mapping Needs 2 -- The Context For Expanding Enrollment 4 -- Profiling The Challenges For Expanding Enrollment 6 -- The Resources Needed 9 -- Options For Reforms 11 -- Developing A Road Map For Expanding Secondary Education 16 -- Ways Forward 17 -- Resume Analytique 23 -- Besoins D'elaboration D'une Carte Scolaire 24 -- Le Train De Mesures Variees 27 -- Conceptualisation Du Defi A Relever 30 -- Les Ressources Necessaires 31 -- Choix De Reformes Pour Developper La Participation Au Secondaire 35 -- Elaboration D'une Feuille De Route Pour Le Developpement De L'enseignement Secondaire En Afrique Subsaharienne 38 -- Moyens D'avancer 40 -- Remarques Finales 42 -- Annexe 1 Participation Selon La Richesse Et Le Sexe En Ass 44 -- Annexe 2 Croissance De La Population Et Augmentations Du Nombre De Places Dans Les Etablissements Et Des Besoins En Enseignants En Ass 46 -- Annexe 3 Modeles D'inscriptions En Ass -- Typologie Des Pays 48 -- Annexe 4 Couts Du Developpement Du Secondaire 50 -- Annexe 5 Tableau Synoptique Des Options Pour Le Developpement De L'enseignement Secondaire A Des Couts Accessibles 52 -- 1 Why Secondary Education? 59 -- Reasons For Revisiting Investment Policy In Secondary Education 60 -- Key Issues For Costs And Finance 66 -- 2 The Status Of Secondary Schooling 69 -- Enrollment 69 -- Educational Structure 75 -- Participation By Gender, Wealth, And Location 77 -- Repetition And Over-age Enrollment 83 -- Teachers And Teacher Education 84 -- Nongovernment Providers 86 -- Technical And Vocational Education 88 -- Expenditure And Costs 90 -- 3 The Challenge Of Expanding Secondary Enrollment 95 -- How Rapidly Will Secondary Enrollments Grow? 95 -- Enrollment Patterns For Grades 1-9 Across Countries In Sub-saharan Africa 99 -- 4 How Much Secondary Expansion Is Affordable With And Without Reform? 109 -- Regional Estimates Of The Recurrent Cost Of Expanding Secondary Education 109 -- Country-level Estimates Of Costs Of Expanding Secondary Education 113 -- Increasing The Supply Of Teachers 117 -- Increasing Investment In Educational Infrastructure And Other Development Budget Items 121 -- Policy Options For Expanding Secondary Education 123 -- The Need For Better Data 125 -- 5 Options For Affordable Expansion Of Secondary Schooling 127 -- Expanding National Resources 127 -- Changing The Structure Of Schooling 128 -- Containing Recurrent Costs 132 -- Improving The Flow Of Students 134 -- Improving Teacher Deployment And Utilization 136 -- Improving School Management 137 -- Reforming Curricula And Pedagogy 138 -- Reforming Teacher Education 140 -- Expanding Facilities And Buildings 141 -- Increasing Cost Recovery 142 -- Supporting Nongovernment Providers 146 -- 6 Ways Forward 149 -- Starting Points 149 -- Financing Expansion 150 -- Policy Challenges 152 -- Developing A Roadmap For Expanding Secondary Education 153 -- Developing A Framework For Action 158 -- Graphique Generique De Cinq Types De Modeles D'inscription 31 -- 2.1 Gross Primary And Secondary Enrollment Rates, By Country 73 -- 2.2 Gross Lower- And Upper-secondary Enrollment Rates, By Country 74 -- 2.3 Gross Secondary Enrollment Rates, Ranked By Per Capita Gdp 74 -- 2.4 Primary, Lower-secondary, And Upper-secondary School Cycles, By Country 76 -- 2.5 Relation Between Gross Enrollment And Gender Parity Index In Secondary School 78 -- 2.6 Gender Parity Index In Primary And Secondary School, By Country 79 -- 2.7 Participation In Secondary School By 15- To 19-year-olds, By Gender And Household Income 80 -- 2.8 Participation In Secondary School By 15- To 19-year-olds, By Gender And Urban-rural Location 80 -- 2.9 Participation In Secondary School In Benin, By Gender And Household Income 81 -- 2.10 Participation In Secondary School In Ghana, By Gender And Household Income 81 -- 2.11 Participation In Secondary School In Rwanda, By Gender And Household Income 82 -- 2.12 Participation In Secondary School In Tanzania, By Gender And Household Income 82 -- 2.13 Participation In Secondary School In Uganda, By Gender And Household Income 83 -- 2.14 Participation In Secondary School In Zambia, By Gender And Household Income 83 -- 2.15 Secondary-school Repetition Rates, By Country 84 -- 2.16 Number Of Students Enrolled In Kenya, By Age And Grade 85 -- 2.17 Pupil-teacher Ratios In Primary And Secondary Schools, By Country 86 -- 2.18 Technical And Vocational School Enrollment As Percentage Of Total Secondary-school Enrollment, By Country 89 -- 2.19 Ratio Of Primary To Secondary School Costs Per Pupil, By Country 91 -- 3.1 Annual Growth Rate Of School-age Population, By Country, 2005 96 -- 3.2 Percentages Of School-age Children In Population, By Country, 2005 97 -- 3.3 Gross Enrollment Profiles In 10 Countries 98 -- 3.4 Increase In Enrollment Needed To Reach Universal Lower-secondary Enrollment By 2015, By Country 101 -- 3.5 Enrollment Patterns In Group 1 Countries 102 -- 3.6 Enrollment Patterns In Group 2 Countries 102 -- 3.7 Enrollment Patterns In Group 3 Countries 103 -- 3.8 Enrollment Patterns In Group 4 Countries 104 -- 3.9 Enrollment Patterns In Group 5 Countries 104 -- 3.10 Participation Patterns In Primary, Lower-secondary, And Upper-secondary School, By Country Group 105 -- 4.1 Projected Rate Of Increase In Number Of Secondary-school Teachers Needed To Achieve Ger2l Of 60% And Ger2u Of 30%, By Country 120 -- 1 Challenges For Expanding Secondary Education, By Country Group 7 -- 2 Summary Of Affordable Options For Expanding Secondary Education 12 -- 3 Benchmarks And Indicators For Increasing Secondary Enrollment 19 -- Typologie Des Defis A Relever Pour Le Developpment De L'enseignement Secondaire En Ass 32 -- 2.1 Gross Enrollment Rate And Gender Parity Index For Primary And Secondary School, By Country 70 -- 2.2 Gross Secondary Enrollment Rates In Developing Regions, 1990 And 2001 75 -- 2.3 Per Pupil Costs At Primary, Lower-secondary, And Upper-secondary Levels In Sub-saharan Countries 91 -- 3.1 Increase In Enrollments Needed To Achieve Ger = 100%, Ger2l = 100% And Ger2u = 100% In 2001 And 2015 100 -- 3.2 Challenges For Expanding Secondary Education, By Country Group 106 -- 4.1 Scenario 1: Current Enrollment Rates, No Reform 110 -- 4.2 Scenario 2: Higher Enrollment Rates, No Reform 111 -- 4.3 Scenario 3: Higher Enrollment Rates With Reform Package 1 112 -- 4.4 Scenario 4: Higher Enrollment Rates With Reform Package 2 112 -- 4.5 Scenario 5: Full Primary- And Lower-secondary-school Enrollment With Reform Package 3 113 -- 4.6 Projected Financing Requirements And Shortfalls Associated With Various Levels Of Enrollment 118 -- 4.7 Framework For Policy Options For Increasing Secondary-school Participation 124 -- 5.1 Strategies For Reallocating Resources For Education 128 -- 5.2 Strategies For Changing The Structure Of Schooling 130 -- 5.3 Strategies For Containing Recurrent Costs 132 -- 5.4 Strategies For Improving The Flow Of Pupils 134 -- 5.5 Strategies For Improving Teacher Deployment And Utilization 136 -- 5.6 Strategies For Enhancing School Management 137 -- 5.7 Strategies For Improving Curricula 139 -- 5.8 Strategies For Reforming Teacher Education 140 -- 5.9 Strategies For Improving Facilities And Buildings 141 -- 5.10 Strategies For Recovering Costs 143 -- 5.11 Strategies For Promoting Nongovernment Providers 147 -- 6.1 Benchmarks And Indicators For Increasing Secondary Enrollment 156. Keith M. Lewin. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 167-170). System Requirements For Accompanying Cd-rom: Adobe Acrobat Reader; Cd-rom Drive. Investment in secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has been neglected since the World Conference on Education for All at Jomtien. The World Education Forum in Dakar began to recognize the growing importance of post-primary schooling for development. Only 25 percent of school-age children attend secondary school in the region-and fewer complete successfully, having consequences for gender equity, poverty reduction, and economic growth. As universal primary schooling becomes a reality, demand for secondary schools is increasing rapidly. Gaps between the educational levels of the labor force.