Стихийные бедствия и техногенные катастрофы: превентивные меры: [предотвращение бедствий, международное сотрудничество, помощь пострадавшим]

Цитата Каждое бедствие уникально, но оно всегда выявляет действия - частных лиц или органов власти разного уровня, - которые, окажись они иными, могли бы уменьшить число человеческих жертв и размеры ущерба. О чем книга Эффективное предотвращение бедствий не может опираться на одну-единственную меру или примитивный лозунг. Изучив вопрос о предотвращении разрушений и гибели людей во время "стихийных" катаклизмов, авторы этой книги пришли к выводу, что правительства и коммерческие организации могут приложить значительно больше усилий для предотвращения бедствий и эти предупредительные меры часто оправдывают затраты, которые могут быть вовсе не так велики, как принято считать. Эта книга помогает определить такие предупредительные меры и сделать соответствующие затраты более эффективными. Почему книга достойна прочтения Книга убедительно доказывает, что усилия по предотвращению бедствий не обязательно влекут повышение затрат. Иногда достаточно вовремя получать прогноз погоды и вовремя оповещать людей о надвигающейся опасности. Или наладить надежный общественный транспорт, который позволит людям перебираться из опасных регионов рядом с работой в более безопасные места. Или сократить вырубку лесов, что поможет защитить населенные пункты от грязевых оползней во время ливней. Но гораздо эффективнее - расширить обмен данными в международном масштабе, для начала хотя бы прочитав эту книгу. Книга содержит новейшие данные, представленные в форме таблиц, графиков и карт. Кто автор Авторы этой книги - специалисты Всемирного банка и Организации Объединенных Наций, проанализировали информацию от представителей более чем 25 научных и общественных организаций, правительственных структур и частных компаний разных стран, занимающихся предотвращением и устранением последствий стихийных бедствий и техногенных катастроф. Написанию этой книги предшествовала серия научных конференций под эгидой ООН и Всемирного банка. Информационную поддержку оказал Глобальный фонд снижения риска стихийных бедствий и ликвидации их последствий (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, GFDRR). Ключевые понятия Опасные природные явления, катастрофы, бедствия, предотвращение, оптимизация затрат. Для кого эта книга Книга адресована как экономистам, так и специалистам в других областях, а также правительственным чиновникам, которые занимаются борьбой с наводнениями, разливами нефти и другими бедствиями Earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural hazards, but unnatural disasters are the deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique, but each exposes actions by individuals and governments at different levels that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this book examines what it takes to do this cost-effectively. It looks at disasters primarily through an economic lens. Economists emphasize self-interest to explain how people choose the amount of prevention, insurance, and coping. But lenses can distort as well as sharpen images, so the book also draws from other psychology to examine how people may misperceive risks, political science to understand voting patterns, and nutrition science to see how stunting in children after a disaster impairs cognitive abilities and productivity as adults much later. Peering into the future, it shows that while urbanization and climate change will increase exposure to hazards, vulnerability can be reduced if cities are better managed. This book will be of interest to government officials, urban planners, relief agencies, NGOs, donors, and other development practitioners. "A remarkable combination of case studies, data on many scales, and application of economic principles.... [this report] provides a deep understanding of the relative roles of the market, government intervention, and social institutions in determining and improving both the prevention and the response to hazardous occurrences." Kenneth J. Arrow, Nobel Prize in Economics, 1972 "I strongly recommend this book to non-economists as well as economists, and to government officials who must cope with floods, oil spills, earthquakes, and other disasters." Gary S. Becker, Nobel Prize in Economics, 1992 "Fascinating and right on target.... You are doing very important work." Elinor Ostrom, Nobel Prize in Economics, 2009 "This report is a gem....a model to be studied and emulated....a team effort, contradicting the popular notion that a camel is a horse described by a committee. I don t remember reading any other 248 pages on a deadly serious subject that were so informative and so easily digested." Thomas C. Schelling, Nobel Prize in Economics, 2005 "An excellent piece of work with really practical lessons that will influence the way disasters are handled and indeed prevented.... [it] could make a gigantic difference to the lives of vulnerable people. I welcome it warmly." Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize in Economics, 1998 "Careful, thoughtful, studious... responses will be more effective, before and after the event, and damage will be less if governments, relief organizations, and others learn from this study." Robert M. Solow, Nobel Prize in Economics, 1987

This report synthesizes knowledge about the effects of natural hazards on human welfare, particularly in its economic aspects. It is a remarkable combination of case studies, data on many scales, and the application of economic principles to the problems posed by earthquakes, abnormal weather, and the like. It provides a deep understanding of the relative roles of the market, government intervention, and social institutions in determining and improving both the prevention and the response to hazardous occurrences. The report looks at disasters primarily through an economic lens. Economists emphasize self-interest to explain how people choose the amount of prevention, insurance, and coping. But lenses can distort as well as sharpen images, so the report also draws from other disciplines: psychology to examine how people may misperceive risks, political science to understand voting patterns, and nutrition science to see how stunting in children after a disaster impairs cognitive abilities and productivity as adults much later. Peering into the future, the report shows that growing cities will increase exposure to hazards, but that vulnerability will not rise if cities are better managed. The intensities and frequencies of hazards in the coming decades will change with the climate, and the report examines this complicated and contentious subject, acknowledging all the limitations of data and science.

Earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural hazards, but unnatural disasters are the deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique, but each exposes actions by individuals and governments at different levels that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this book examines what it takes to do this cost-effectively. Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters looks at disasters primarily through an economic lens. Economists emphasize self-interest to explain how people choose the amount of prevention, insurance, and coping. But lenses can distort as well as sharpen images, so the book also draws from other disciplines: psychology to examine how people may misperceive risks, political science to understand voting patterns, and nutrition science to see how stunting in children after a disaster impairs cognitive abilities and productivity as adults much later. It asks not only the tough questions, but some unexpected ones as well: Should all disasters be prevented? Do disasters increase or decrease conflict? Does foreign aid help or hinder prevention? The answers are not obvious. Peering into the future, it finds that growing cities and a changing climate will shape the disaster prevention landscape. While it is cautious about the future, it is not alarmist. Earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural hazards, but unnatural disasters are the deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique, but each exposes actions by individuals and governments at different levels that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this book examines what it takes to do this cost-effectively. It looks at disasters primarily through an economic lens. Economists emphasize self-interest to explain how people choose the amount of prevention, insurance, and coping. But lenses can distort as well as sharpen images, so the book also draws from other disciplines: psychology to examine how people may misperceive risks, political science to understand voting patterns, and nutrition science to see how stunting in children after a disaster impairs cognitive abilities and productivity as adults much later. Peering into the future, it shows that while urbanization and climate change will increase exposure to hazards, vulnerability can be reduced if cities are better managed. This book will be of interest to government officials, urban planners, relief agencies, NGOs, donors, and other development practitioners