استروئیدها و پتانسیل درمانی آن‌ها

Steroids are an important class of biomolecules with diverse roles and functions. Besides being important as structural and signaling molecules, these molecules hold promise against numerous disorders, including cardiovascular conditions, cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. Many investigations have demonstrated that steroidal frameworks may provide lipid solubility, receptor selectivity, or membrane binding properties to non-steroidal pharmacophores. However, the therapeutic use of steroids can be dangerous when they're used incorrectly. Additionally, misconceptions about steroids among athletes or recreational users can lead to steroid abuse and poor health outcomes. Steroids and their MedicinalPotential discusses the classification, distribution, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and semi-synthesis of different steroids. The medicinal potential of each class is exhaustively discussed in different chapters. The latest advances and developments in steroid-based drug discovery are also discussed thoroughly. The book aims to address general questions and concerns about steroids, providing readers a useful resource on the subject. Key Features: -Provides comprehensive coverage on all aspects of steroids including steroid chemistry, biochemistry, medicinal potential, drug discovery, and advances in target. -binding interactions of steroid-based drugs. -Includes chapters dedicated to anabolic steroids and their abuse. -Designed as an accessible source of information for understanding steroidal drugs with structured chapters. -Includes references for advanced readers. Cover Steroids and Their Medicinal Potential Copyright Contents Preface List of Contributors Terpenes, Terpenoids and Steroids: Properties, Biosynthesis and Functions INTRODUCTION TERPENES Properties of Terpenes Biosynthesis TERPENOIDS Properties of Terpenoids Functions Biosynthesis STEROIDS Properties Functions Biosynthesis Biosynthetic Pathways CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES An Overview of Natural Steroid Sources and their Therapeutic Profile INTRODUCTION Secosteroids Sterols ROLE OF STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN BODY STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS CORTICOSTEROIDS GLUCOCORTICOIDS MINERALOCORTICOIDS REPRODUCTIVE STEROIDS Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone ANABOLIC STEROIDS DISTRIBUTION OF STEROIDS IN NATURAL SOURCES Invertebrates Insects Marine Organisms Vertebrates Plantae Higher Plants Algae Fungi Yeast Bacteria DIETARY SOURCES MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES NATURAL STEROIDS AS PROTAGONISTS Antioxidants Anti-inflammatory Anti-cancer Activity Anti-cholesterol Agents Neuroprotective Effects Antimicrobial Agent Antiplasmodial Agent Antigenotoxic Agent Immunomodulatory Agents OTHER POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES OF BIOSTEROIDS FUTURE PROSPECTS OF BIO-STEROIDS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Synthesis of Steroids INTRODUCTION Biosynthesis of Steroids in Mammals Cholesterol and its Derivates Biosynthesis of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Hormones Synthesis of Sex Hormones (Androgens and Estrogens) Synthesis of Vitamin D Formation of Bile Salts from Cholesterol Chemical Synthesis of Steroids Diels-Alder Addition Formation of A Ring of Tetracyclic Framework Formation of B Ring Formation of the C Ring Johnson's Biomimetic Cyclizations Torgov Synthesis Friedel-Crafts Type Reactions Partial Synthesis of Steroids Estranes Androstanes Vitamin D Cardiac Steroids Microbial Biotransformation of Steroids Fungal Hydroxylation CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Biotransformation of Steroids: Accelerating Discovery of New Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Industry INTRODUCTION Steroids FUNGI MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS OF MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS MICROBIAL CONVERSION OF STEROIDS: HISTORY, AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT MICROORGANISMS AS IN-VITRO MODEL FOR MAMMALIAN DRUG METABOLISM FUNGAL TRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Biological Significance of Steroids INTRODUCTION Insect Steroids Vertebrate Steroids Steroid Hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Anabolic Steroids Sex Hormones Contraceptive Steroids Progestogens Mechanism of Action of Progestogens Estrogens STEROLS [Phytosterols] Phytosterols Brassinosteroids Cholesterol Sterols and Bile Acids STEROIDS OF INSECTS, FUNGI, AND OTHER ORGANISMS MISCELLANEOUS STEROIDS Androstane Derivatives Antenatal Steroids Cardiotonic Steroids Digoxin Steroidal Alkaloids Like Batrachotoxins THERAPEUTIC ROLE OF STEROIDS Steroids in Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting Steroids as Analgesic Adjuncts Steroids in Hyperreactive Airway Steroids in Aspiration Pneumonitis CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES A Comprehensive Overview of Estrogen: Physio- logical and Pathological Insights INTRODUCTION Structure of Estrogen Structure of Estrogen Receptors Synthesis of Estrogen Estrogen Signaling Genomic Signaling Non-genomic Signalling PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF ESTROGEN Cardioprotective Effects Skin Physiology Neuroprotective Effect Alzheimer’s Disease Parkinson`s Disease Cerebral Ischemia Glucose Homeostasis Bone Homeostasis PATHOLOGICAL ROLES OF ESTROGEN Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Endometriosis Prostate cancer Breast Cancer CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Plant Cardenolides: Multifunctional Medicinal Agents INTRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CARDENOLIDES Anticancer Property Antiviral Activity Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Activity Other Functions of Cardenolides CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Immunological Significance of Steroids and Implications for Immune Related Diseases INTRODUCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF STEROIDS IN REGULATING IMMUNE SYSTEM Existence of Sexual Dimorphism in Immune Response Alteration of Immune Response Due to Gonadectomy and Sex Hormone Replacement Alteration of Immune Response During the Time of Pregnancy Presence of Specific Receptors of Steroids in Immune System STEROIDAL REGULATION OF IMMUNE CELLS Neutrophils Lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic Cells IMMUNOMODULATORY STEROIDS IN CLINICAL ROUTINE AND FUTURE PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS CORTICOSTEROIDS Anti-inflammatory Agents Presurgical Steroidal Treatment Analgesic Steroids Corticosteroids Gestational Use Treating Cancer-associated Symptoms Ophthalmologic Applications Anti-arthritic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Therapy (ARDS) Beneficial Effects on Paediatrics REPRODUCTIVE STEROIDS Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Heterocyclic Steroids INTRODUCTION Azasteroids Synthetic Approaches Oxasteroids Synthetic Approaches Thiasteroids Synthetic Approaches Heterosteroids Containing Nuclear O, S, and N Miscellaneous Heterocyclic Steroids Synthesis of Steroidal-pyrimidine Systems Fused to Rings-A and D. CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Spectroscopic Analysis of Steroids INTRODUCTION An Insight into Organic Spectroscopy Steroids: An Introduction Classical Methods of Steroid Analysis Modern Methods of Steroid Analysis INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Hooke’s Law Sample Preparations Instrumentation Interpretation of IR Spectra Carbonyl Groups ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy Spectra Measurement Solvent Used for UV Spectroscopy Effect of pH: UV Absorption of Common Chromophores NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY Magnetic Properties of Nucleus The NMR Phenomenon and Related Terms Magnetic Nuclei Larmor Precession NMR Spectrometer and Obtaining NMR Spectrum NMR Parameters Chemical shift Spin-Spin Coupling Signal Multiplicity Intensity of Signals Relaxation Time Factors Affecting NMR Spectrum Molecular Symmetry and Equivalence of Nuclei Order of the Spectrum and Coupling Spin Systems Spin Decoupling and Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) Magnetic Field, Solvent, Concentration and Temperature Structure Analysis of Steroids by 1H NMR COSY, HSQC and NOESY Understanding the 1H-NMR Patterns in Steroids by Some Known Examples Structure Analysis of Steroids by 13C NMR Deutirium Coupling Understanding the 13C-NMR Patterns in Steroids by some known Examples Identification of Common Impurities in NMR Spectra MASS SPECTROMETRY Ion Formation in the Ionization Chamber Types of Ionizations in Mass Spectrometers Analysis of Steroids by GC Negative Chemical Ionization-MS Analysis of Steroids by ESI EI fragmentation of Steroids Some Common Fragmentation Patterns in Steroids CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Destructive Effects of Steroidal Drug Abuse and their Immunological Impact INTRODUCTION STEROIDAL DRUGS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Catabolic Steroids and their Applications Anabolic Steroids and their Applications STEROIDAL ABUSE AND THEIR AFTERMATH Impact on Bone Impact on the Immune System Impact on Muscle and Heart Impact on Fat Metabolism Impact on Glucose Metabolism Impact on Skin Impact on Vision Impact on the Gastrointestinal System Impact on Neuropsychiatry Impact on Paediatrics PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE THERAPIES FUTURE ASPECTS CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Cover back