Stem Cells: Therapeutic Applications (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 1201)

Since different types of stem cells for therapeutic applications have recently been proposed, this timely volume explores various sources of stem cells for tissue and organ regeneration and discusses their advantages and limitations. Also discussed are pros and cons for using embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells isolated from postnatal tissues. Different types of adult stem cells for therapeutic applications are also reviewed, including hematopoietic stem cells, epidermal stem cells, endothelial progenitors, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and very small embryonic-like stem cells. This book also addresses paracrine effects of stem cells in regenerative medicine that are mediated by extracellular microvesicles and soluble secretome. Finally, potential applications of stem cells in cardiology, gastroenterology, neurology, immunotherapy, and aging are presented. This is an ideal book for students and researchers working in the stem cell research field. Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Potential Clinical Applications of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Development and Regeneration 1.3 Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells Isolated from Adult Tissues 1.4 The Search for Other Alternative Sources of PSCs for Potential Therapeutic Applications in Regenerative Medicine 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Genomic Instability of iPSCs and Challenges in Their Clinical Applications 2.1 Background: Why We Need to Study Genomic Instability 2.2 Genomic Aberrations in iPSCs 2.2.1 Chromosomal Aberrations 2.2.2 Copy Number Variations 2.2.3 Point Mutations 2.2.3.1 Preexisting Mutations 2.2.3.2 Reprogramming-Induced Mutations 2.2.3.3 Passage-Induced Mutations 2.3 Effects of Mutations on the Phenotype of iPSCs 2.4 Improved Reprogramming Methods to Reduce Genomic Instability 2.4.1 Starting Cell Source 2.4.2 Delivery of Reprogramming Factors 2.4.3 Reprogramming Factors 2.4.4 Alternative Reprogramming Method 2.4.5 Culture Conditions 2.5 Challenges in Clinical Applications References Chapter 3: Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Developmental Origin of HSCs 3.3 Phenotype of HSC: From YS to Adult BM 3.4 Novel View on Possible Hierarchy of Stem Cell Compartment in Adult BM 3.5 The Hematopoietic Niche and Retention of HSPCs in BM Microenvironment 3.6 HSC Egress from BM into PB (Mobilization) 3.7 Chemoattractants for HSC and Stem Cell Homing 3.8 Markers and Strategies to Isolate HSC and HPC 3.8.1 Markers of HSCs 3.8.2 Strategies to Purify and Isolate HSCs 3.8.3 Markers of HPCs 3.9 Expansion of HSC 3.10 Experimental Approaches to Identify and Study HSC 3.11 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Neural Stem Cells 4.1 Background 4.2 Neural Stem Cell (NSC) Applications 4.2.1 Stroke 4.2.2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) 4.2.3 Cancer 4.3 Future Directions References Chapter 5: Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immune-Mediated Diseases 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Immunological Properties of MSCs 5.2.1 T-Cells 5.2.2 B-Cells 5.2.3 Natural Killer (NK) Cells 5.2.4 Dendritic Cells 5.2.5 Macrophages 5.2.6 Mast Cells 5.2.7 Neutrophils 5.2.8 MSC Sources and Delivery 5.2.9 Summary 5.3 Inflammation-Induced Homing of MSCs 5.4 MSC-Based Drug Delivery 5.5 MSC Secretome 5.6 MSCs: Cell Therapy for Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD) 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Stem Cells in the Mammalian Gonads 6.1 Current Understanding of Stem Cells in Adult Gonads 6.2 Why the Existing Disbelief in the Presence of VSELs in the Adult Tissues Including Gonads 6.3 Testicular VSELs 6.3.1 Integrating VSELs Along with SSCs During Spermatogenesis 6.4 Ovarian VSELs 6.4.1 Integrating VSELs/OSCs During Neogenesis and Primordial Follicle Assembly 6.5 FSHR Expression on Testicular and Ovarian Stem Cells 6.5.1 FSH Action and FSHR Expression Controversy in the Testes 6.5.2 FSH Action and FSHR Expression Controversy in the Ovaries 6.6 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Gametes In Vitro 6.7 Testicular and Ovarian Stem Cells and Cancer 6.8 Gonadal Stem Cells and Oncofertility 6.9 Emerging Novel Paradigms References Chapter 7: Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases 7.1 Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract 7.2 Intestinal Stem Cells: Plasticity and Regeneration in Gastrointestinal Tract 7.3 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Gastroenterology 7.3.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) 7.3.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 7.3.3 Endothelial Stem Cells (ESCs) 7.4 Circulating Stem and Progenitor Cells in Gastrointestinal Disease 7.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Crohn’s Disease 7.4.2 Gastric and Pancreatic Cancer 7.4.3 Colon and Rectal Cancer 7.5 The Emerging Role of Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Human Digestive Disease 7.6 Host Stem Cell and Microbial Interactions as New Frontiers in Gastroenterology 7.7 Final Remarks References Chapter 8: Stem Cells in Psychiatry 8.1 Neurogenesis in Adult Brain 8.2 Affective Disorders 8.3 Schizophrenia 8.4 Anxiety Disorders 8.5 Alcohol Dependence 8.6 Sterile Inflammation 8.7 Summary References Chapter 9: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Paracrine Effectors in Stem Cell-Based Therapies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles 9.3 Regenerative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of EVs Derived from Stem/Progenitor Cells 9.3.1 Renal Regeneration 9.3.2 Neural Regeneration 9.3.3 Cardiovascular Regeneration 9.3.4 Hepatic Regeneration 9.3.5 Regeneration of Cutaneous Tissue 9.3.6 Skeletal Regeneration 9.3.7 Lung Injury Protection 9.4 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Immunomodulatory Properties of MSCs 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Cellular Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: An Update 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Noncardiac Origin Cell Types 10.2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts (SMs) 10.2.2 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMNCs) 10.2.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 10.2.4 Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) 10.3 Cardiac-Derived Stem Cells (CSCs) 10.3.1 Cardiac Stem Cells (CSCs) 10.3.2 Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs) 10.4 Directed Cell Reprogramming and Induced Proliferation to Generate New Cardiomyocytes 10.4.1 Direct Cardiac Reprogramming of Fibroblast 10.4.2 Stimulate Endogenous Proliferation of Cardiomyocytes 10.5 Cell-Enhancement Approaches to Refine Current Therapy 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Vasculogenic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Human: Future Cell Therapy Product or Liquid Biopsy for Vascular Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Endothelial Progenitor Cells Definition in Culture: Future Cell Therapy Product? 11.3 ECFCs Stemness and Ontogeny of Endothelial Lineage in Human 11.4 ECFC and Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles 11.4.1 Microvesicles from ECFC 11.4.2 Exosomes from ECFCs 11.5 ECFC as a Liquid Biopsy to Understand Vascular Disease? 11.5.1 ECFC in Lung Diseases 11.5.1.1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) 11.5.1.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 11.5.1.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) 11.5.2 ECFC in Haemostasis and Thrombosis 11.5.2.1 von Willebrand Disease (VWD) 11.5.2.2 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) 11.5.2.3 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) 11.5.2.4 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Disease 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Epidermal Stem Cells 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Epidermal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation 12.2.1 Models of Epidermal Stem Cell Proliferation 12.2.2 Models of Epidermal Stem Cell Differentiation 12.3 Interfollicular Epidermis Stem Cells 12.3.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Interfollicular Stem Cell Maintenance, Proliferation, and Differentiation 12.4 Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cells 12.4.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cell Quiescence and Differentiation 12.5 Sebaceous Gland Stem Cells 12.5.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Sebaceous Gland Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation 12.6 Epidermal Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration 12.7 Conclusion Literature Chapter 13: Stem Cells in Lungs 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Respiratory System Macroscopic Structure 13.1.2 Airways and Lung Microscopic Structure 13.2 Stem Cells of Respiratory System 13.2.1 Diversity of Respiratory System Stem Cells 13.2.1.1 Lung Endothelial Progenitor Cells 13.2.1.2 Alveolar Type II Cells 13.2.1.3 Alveolar Type I Cells 13.2.1.4 Bronchoalveolar Stem Cells 13.2.1.5 Club Cells 13.2.1.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 13.2.2 Endodermal Origin of the Lung and its Stem Cells 13.2.3 Changes in Lung According to the Aging Processes References Chapter 14: Targeting Purinergic Signaling and Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Cardiovascular System 14.3 Multiple Sclerosis 14.4 Parkinson’s Disease 14.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 14.6 Alzheimer Disease 14.7 Epilepsy 14.8 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Plausible Links Between Metabolic Networks, Stem Cells, and Longevity 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Stem Cell and Aging 15.2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 15.2.2 Neural Stem Cells 15.2.3 Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells 15.3 Extended Longevity of Mice with GH Deficiency, Resistance, and Deletion of GH Receptor 15.3.1 Snell Mice 15.3.2 Ames Mice 15.3.3 lit/lit Mice 15.3.4 Ghr−/− Mice 15.3.5 RasGRF1−/− and S6 K1-Deficient Mice 15.4 Longevity of Mice with Disruption of Genes Affecting IGF-1 Signaling 15.4.1 Igfr+/− Mice 15.4.2 Papp-A−/− Mice 15.4.3 Irs1−/− and Irs2−/− Mice 15.4.4 Several Metabolic Pathways Related to Cellular Senescence and Aging 15.5 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Longevity and Aging: Unexpected Role of Sirtuins 15.6 Aging and Longevity from the Perspective of VSELs Residing in Adult Tissues 15.7 In Search of Antiaging Modalities 15.8 Conclusion References Index