Stem Cells for Cancer and Genetic Disease Treatment (Stem Cells in Clinical Applications)

This invaluable resource discusses insights ranging from basic biological mechanisms of various types of stem cells through the potential applications in the treatment of human diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. These discoveries are placed within the structural context of tissue and developmental biology in sections dealing with recent advances in understanding different types of stem cell biology and their potential applications in tissue repair and regeneration and in the treatment different types of human cancer and genetic diseases or disorders. __Stem Cells for Cancer and Genetic Disease Treatment__and the other books in the __Stem Cells in Clinical Applications__series will be invaluable to scientists, researchers, advanced students and clinicians working in stem cells, regenerative medicine or tissue engineering as well as cancer or genetics research. Preface 6 Contents 8 Contributors 10 Part I: Stem Cells for Cancer Treatment 12 Chapter 1: Cancer Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 The Stem Cell Concept of Cancerogenesis 14 1.3 Dysregulation of Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Cancer Transformation 15 1.4 CSCs in Cancer Therapy 16 1.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 18 References 19 Chapter 2: Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Vectors for Cancer Therapy 23 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Resources 24 2.3 The Migration of MSCs to Tumors 25 2.4 Factors and Agents in MSC Delivery 26 2.4.1 Interleukins 26 2.4.2 Interferons 28 2.4.3 Prodrugs 28 2.4.4 Oncolytic Viruses 29 2.4.5 Anti-angiogenic Agents 30 2.4.6 Pro-apoptotic Proteins 30 2.4.7 Growth Factor Antagonists 31 2.5 Clinical Applications of Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy 31 2.6 Conclusion 33 References 33 Chapter 3: Stem Cells Treatment to Combat Cancer and Genetic Disease: From Stem Cell Therapy to Gene-Editing Correction 38 3.1 Genetic Diseases 39 3.1.1 Types of Genetic Diseases 39 3.1.2 Causes of Genetic Diseases 40 3.1.3 Treatment of Congenital and Genetic Diseases 40 3.2 Stem Cells 40 3.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells 41 3.2.2 Cord Blood Stem Cell 41 3.2.3 Adult Stem Cells 41 3.3 Cancer Perspectives 42 3.4 Gene Therapy 44 3.4.1 Gene Therapy Perspective 44 3.4.2 The Future of Human Gene Therapy 46 3.5 Stem Cell Gene Therapy 46 3.6 Perspectives on Stem Cell Gene Therapy 47 3.6.1 Targeting Stem Cell Gene Therapy to Genetic Diseases 47 3.6.2 Targeting Stem Cell Gene Therapy to Cancer 47 3.7 Conclusion 59 References 60 Chapter 4: Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Their Application in Cancer Immunotherapy 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Molecular Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells and Their Associated Markers 70 4.3 Signaling Pathways Involved in Therapy Resistance of CSCs 71 4.4 CSC Niche and Its Contribution to Tumor Therapy 72 4.5 Immune Response and Immunotherapy for Cancer Stem Cells 72 4.5.1 Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting for CSCs 72 4.5.2 Immunotherapy for Cancer Stem Cells 73 4.6 Prospective 74 References 74 Chapter 5: Human Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Cancer and Liver Disease 78 5.1 Historical and Scientific Background 78 5.2 The Liver Niches 79 5.3 Hepatocellular Lineage 80 5.4 Ductal Cell Lineage 82 5.5 Hematopoietic Lineage 83 5.6 Carcinogenesis 84 5.7 Liver Disease 86 References 87 Chapter 6: Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Standard Treatment Strategies 92 6.3 Biomarkers of Ovarian CSCs 93 6.3.1 CD44 Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 93 6.3.2 CD133 Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 94 6.3.3 CD177 Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 95 6.3.4 ALDH1A1 Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 95 6.3.5 EpCAM Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 96 6.3.6 CD24 Cells as a Biomarker of Ovarian CSCs 96 6.4 Development of Chemoresistance to Conventional Therapies 97 6.5 Therapeutic Strategies for Ovarian CSCs 97 6.5.1 Non-surface Biomarkers 98 6.5.2 Differentiation of Ovarian CSCs 98 6.5.3 Niches of CSCs 98 6.5.4 MicroRNAs 99 6.6 Conclusion 99 References 99 Part II: Stem Cells for Genetic Diseases 104 Chapter 7: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Approaches for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Immunotherapy 105 7.1 Brief Introduction of SLE 106 7.2 Immunotherapies for SLE 106 7.3 Abnormal MSCs in SLE Progression 107 7.4 MSCs-Based Therapy in SLE 108 7.4.1 MSCs-Based Therapy in Animal Models of SLE 108 7.4.2 MSCs-Based Therapy in Human SLE 108 7.5 Mechanisms 109 7.5.1 MSCs Homing and Cytokine Production 109 7.5.2 MSCs Regulate Distribution and Function of T Cell Subsets 110 7.5.2.1 Balancing of TH1 and TH2 Cells 110 7.5.2.2 Balancing of Treg and TH17 Cells 111 7.5.3 Effects on Dendritic/Macrophage Cells 111 7.5.3.1 MSCs Modulate DCs at Multiple Levels 111 7.5.3.2 MSCs Alter M1/M2 Balancing of Macrophages 112 7.5.4 Effects on B Cells 112 7.5.4.1 Dysfunction of B Cells in SLE 112 7.5.4.2 Interaction Between MSCs and B Cells 113 7.6 Issues in MSCs Treatment of SLE 113 7.7 Conclusion 114 References 114 Chapter 8: Stem Cells Therapy for Cardiomyopathy: An Emerging Paradigm 118 8.1 Introduction 118 8.2 What Is Cardiomyopathy 119 8.2.1 Types of Cardiomyopathy 120 8.2.1.1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 120 8.2.1.2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 120 8.2.1.3 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy 121 8.2.1.4 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy 121 8.2.1.5 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 121 8.2.2 Causes of Cardiomyopathy 122 8.3 Risk Factors of Cardiomyopathy 122 8.3.1 Genetics 122 8.3.2 Smoking 122 8.3.3 Illicit Drug Use 123 8.3.4 Diabetes 123 8.3.5 Miscellaneous Diseases 123 8.4 Therapies to Combat Cardiomyopathy 123 8.4.1 Stem Cells Therapy 124 8.4.2 Types of Stem Cells Therapy for the Treatment of Cardiomyopathy 124 8.4.2.1 Cardiac Stem Cells 125 8.4.2.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 125 8.4.2.3 Embryonic Stem Cells 125 8.4.2.4 Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells 126 8.4.3 Advantage of Stem Cells Therapy 126 8.5 Conclusion 127 References 127 Chapter 9: Stem Cell Roles and Applications in Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases 132 9.1 Introduction 132 9.2 Stem Cell Types and roles in regenerative Medicine 134 9.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) 134 9.2.2 Embryonic Germ Cells (EGCs) 134 9.2.3 Amniotic Epithelial Cells 134 9.2.4 Roles of Embryonic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Regenerative Medicine 135 9.2.5 Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells 135 9.2.5.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) 135 9.2.5.2 Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells (NSCs) 136 9.2.5.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 136 9.2.5.4 Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 137 9.2.5.5 Adipose Tissue-Derived MSCs 137 9.2.5.6 Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived MSCs (UCB-MSCs) 138 9.2.5.7 Amniotic Membrane-Derived MSCs 138 9.3 MSCs and Neurodegenerative Diseases 138 9.4 Therapeutic Strategies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Stem Cells 140 9.4.1 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 141 9.4.2 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 142 9.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 143 References 144 Chapter 10: Stem Cells for Nerve and Muscle Repair: Harnessing Developmental Dynamics in Therapeutics 151 10.1 Introduction 152 10.2 Neuronal and Neuromuscular Disorders 152 10.3 Development and Differentiation 153 10.4 Size and Proportionality in Neuronal and Neuromuscular Health 155 10.5 Morphostasis Recapitulates Morphogenesis 156 10.6 Diverse Disorders of Nervous and Muscular Systems 158 10.7 Stem Cells 159 10.8 Plasticity, Morphostasis, and Stem Cell Therapeutics 160 10.9 Scope for Stem Cell Therapeutics in Neuronal and Neuromuscular Disorders 161 10.10 Embryonic, Adult and Pluripotent Stem Cells 163 10.11 Stem Cell Transplantation, Delivery, Homing, and Engraftment 163 10.12 Major Stem Cell Therapeutic Approaches 165 10.13 Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Mitochondria 165 10.14 Choice of Stem Cells, Stem Cell Plasticity and Trans-differentiation 166 10.15 Stem Cells in Neurological and Muscle Disorders 167 10.16 Stem Cells for Modeling and Drug Screening 169 10.17 Limitations and Future of Stem Cell Therapeutics 170 References 171 Index 188 Front Matter ....Pages i-x Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Cancer Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications (Eiman Abdel Meguid, Ahmed El-Hashash)....Pages 3-12 Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Vectors for Cancer Therapy (Phuc Van Pham, Ngoc Bich Vu)....Pages 13-27 Stem Cells Treatment to Combat Cancer and Genetic Disease: From Stem Cell Therapy to Gene-Editing Correction (Fakher Rahim, Babak Arjmand, Bagher Larijani, Parisa Goodarzi)....Pages 29-59 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Their Application in Cancer Immunotherapy (Deepak Rohila, Yang Yao, Xuexiao Jin)....Pages 61-69 Human Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Cancer and Liver Disease (Daniela Fanni, Clara Gerosa, Federica Lai, Gavino Faa)....Pages 71-83 Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer (Kanwal Rehman, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash)....Pages 85-97 Front Matter ....Pages 99-99 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Approaches for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Immunotherapy (Xuexiao Jin, Shen Lu, Yang Yao)....Pages 101-113 Stem Cells Therapy for Cardiomyopathy: An Emerging Paradigm (Kanwal Rehman, Komal Jabeen, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash)....Pages 115-128 Stem Cell Roles and Applications in Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases (John Ku, Ahmed El-Hashash)....Pages 129-147 Stem Cells for Nerve and Muscle Repair: Harnessing Developmental Dynamics in Therapeutics (Satish Sasikumar, Ashima Bhan, T. K. Rajendra)....Pages 149-185 Back Matter ....Pages 187-190 This invaluable resource discusses insights ranging from basic biological mechanisms of various types of stem cells through the potential applications in the treatment of human diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. These discoveries are placed within the structural context of tissue and developmental biology in sections dealing with recent advances in understanding different types of stem cell biology and their potential applications in tissue repair and regeneration and in the treatment different types of human cancer and genetic diseases or disorders. Stem Cells for Cancer and Genetic Disease Treatment and the other books in the Stem Cells in Clinical Applications series will be invaluable to scientists, researchers, advanced students and clinicians working in stem cells, regenerative medicine or tissue engineering as well as cancer or genetics research.