Stem Cell Innovation in Health and Disease: Volume 1: the Intestine

The intestine is among the leading organs, in which several cutting edge in vitro and in vivo research tools and approaches have recently been developed and used to investigate stem cell biology/function, and the potential applications of stem cells in the treatment of intestinal diseases. These cutting-edge research tools and approaches involve human and murine organoid cultures, genetic editing in vitro and in vivo, human induced pluripotent cell (iPS cell) models of disease, haploid cells for genetic as well as compound screening paradigms, genetically engineered mice, and stem cell transplantation to cure diseases. __Stem Cell Innovation in Health and Disease: Volume 1: The Intestine__ contains two major sections describing cutting edge research for understanding stem cell functions in the intestine, and for developing methods to bring stem cells from bench to bedside; respectively. Each section includes insights ranging from using mouse and human organoid cultures, genetic editing in vitro and in vivo, and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) to study stem cell functions and model intestinal diseases, through the cutting-edge research, including the potential application of iPSCs, ESCs and blood stem cells (stem cell transplants) in the treatment of intestinal diseases/disorders. This volume, therefore, discusses the fact-based promise of stem cells and regenerative medicine in the intestine in the real world. Front Cover The Intestine: Stem Cell Innovation in Health and Disease Copyright Page Dedication Epigraph Contents List of contributors About the editors Foreword Foreword Preface Acknowledgments 1 Cutting-edge tools and approaches for stem cell research and application in intestinal diseases 1.1 Introduction References 2 Organotypic intestinal cell culture as a new modality for intestinal function and cellular processes 2.1 Defining organotypic intestinal cell culture models 2.2 Intestinal structure and functions 2.3 Modeling of intestinal functions using organotypic cell culture models 2.4 Toward emulation of organ-level functions 2.4.1 Co-development 2.4.2 Co-culture 2.4.3 Bioengineering Acknowledgment References 3 Role of human gastrointestinal organoids in discovery and translational medicine 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Nomenclature and distinction: organoids–enteroids–colonoids–tumoroids 3.1.2 Advantage of organoids in basic and applied research of human GI diseases 3.2 Current application and perspective use of organoids 3.2.1 Genetic disease 3.2.1.1 Cystic fibrosis (CF) 3.2.2 Gastrointestinal immune-related disorders 3.2.2.1 Celiac disease (CeD) 3.2.2.2 Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) 3.2.2.3 Necrotizing enterocolitis 3.2.3 Enteral infections 3.2.3.1 Helicobacter pylori 3.2.3.2 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi 3.2.3.3 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) 3.2.3.4 Toxoplasma gondii 3.2.4 Gastrointestinal cancer 3.2.4.1 Tumoroids in precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer 3.2.4.2 Tumoroids in immuno-oncology 3.2.5 Transplant application 3.3 Ethical perspective on organoids biobanks References 4 Engineered stem cells combine stem cell and gene therapy approaches to move intestine therapy from bench to bed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Genome editing 4.3 Genome editing of stem cells 4.4 Therapeutic applications of gene-edited stem cells 4.4.1 Adult stem cells 4.4.2 Mesenchymal stem cells 4.4.3 Embryonic stem cells 4.4.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells 4.5 Gene-edited stem cell therapy for intestinal diseases 4.5.1 Intestinal diseases 4.5.2 Intestinal stem cell therapy for intestinal diseases 4.5.3 Gene editing in intestinal enteroids 4.5.4 Engineered organoids for colorectal cancer 4.5.5 Gastric cancer 4.6 Conclusion and future prospects References 5 Role of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing/engineering technology in intestine diseases 5.1 Brief introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 5.2 CRISPR/Cas 9 application in colorectal cancers 5.3 CRISPR/Cas9 applications in inflammatory bowel disease 5.4 CRISPR/Cas9 applications in gut microbiota 5.5 Other gene editing tools 5.6 Limitations and perspectives References 6 Application of new approaches for intestinal repair and regeneration via stem cell–based tissue engineering 6.1 Structure and cellular components of the small intestine 6.2 Stem cells used in small intestine regeneration 6.2.1 Pluripotent stem cell derived cells 6.2.1.1 Embryonic stem cells 6.2.1.2 Induced pluripotent stem cells 6.2.2 Adult intestinal stem cells 6.2.3 Mesenchymal stem cells 6.3 Developing biological tissue-engineered grafts 6.3.1 Decellularization of tissues or organs 6.4 Tissue-engineered small intestine 6.5 Role of stem cell–based transplantation in intestinal regeneration 6.6 Conclusion and future directions References 7 Induced pluripotent stem cells in intestinal diseases 7.1 Introduction 7.2 iPSC-based disease modeling 7.3 Intestinal organoids 7.4 iPSCs and organoids in intestinal diseases 7.4.1 Colorectal cancer 7.4.2 Hirschsprung disease 7.4.3 Inflammatory bowel disease 7.4.4 Parasite 7.4.5 Viruses 7.5 Clinical trials 7.6 Limitations References 8 Potential of embryonic stem cells for treating intestinal diseases 8.1 Embryonic stem cells 8.2 ESC-based therapy of the gastrointestinal diseases 8.2.1 ESC-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease 8.2.1.1 IBD therapy using other stem cell types 8.2.1.2 Roles of ESCs and other stem cells in the therapy of accessory digestive organs 8.2.1.3 Role of ESCs and other stem cells in the gastrointestinal and related diseases 8.3 Conclusions References 9 Stem-cell therapy with bone marrow (hematopoietic) stem cells for intestinal diseases 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Bone-marrow HSC niche 9.3 Clinical applications of HSCs 9.3.1 Leukemia 9.3.2 Cancer 9.4 Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases 9.5 HSCs for the treatment of genetic blood cell diseases 9.6 HSCs for the treatment of intestinal diseases 9.6.1 Inflammatory bowel diseases 9.6.2 HSCs for mucosal healing 9.7 Conclusion, challenges, and future directions References 10 Role of mesenchymal and other stem cell therapy in intestinal diseases 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mesenchymal stem cells 10.2.1 Mechanism of MSC treatment of intestinal diseases 10.2.1.1 Promoting intestinal repair 10.2.1.2 Immune regulation 10.2.1.3 Paracrine mechanism 10.2.2 Application of MSCs in the treatment of IBD 10.2.2.1 Preclinical basic research 10.2.2.2 Clinical trials 10.2.2.2.1 Application status of MSCs in the treatment of IBD 10.2.2.2.2 Sources of MSCs for clinical applications 10.2.2.2.3 Mode of administration of MSCs 10.2.3 Application of MSCs in the treatment of radiation enteritis 10.2.4 Application of MSCs in the treatment of liver transplantation-related bowel disease 10.2.5 Application of MSCs in the treatment of intestinal tumor 10.3 Hematopoietic stem cells 10.4 Intestinal stem cells 10.5 Conclusions and prospects References 11 General discussion, conclusion remarks, and future directions 11.1 Advances of organotypic intestinal cell culture and gene editing/engineering in intestinal repair, regeneration, and d... 11.1.1 Role of pluripotent stem cells in intestinal repair, regeneration, and diseases References Index Back Cover The intestine is among the leading organs, in which several cutting edge in vitro and in vivo research tools and approaches have recently been developed and used to investigate stem cell biology/function, and the potential applications of stem cells in the treatment of intestinal diseases. These cutting-edge research tools and approaches involve human and murine organoid cultures, genetic editing in vitro and in vivo, human induced pluripotent cell (iPS cell) models of disease, haploid cells for genetic as well as compound screening paradigms, genetically engineered mice, and stem cell transplantation to cure diseases. Stem Cell Innovation in Health and Disease: Volume 1: The Intestine contains two major sections describing cutting edge research for understanding stem cell functions in the intestine, and for developing methods to bring stem cells from bench to bedside; respectively. Each section includes insights ranging from using mouse and human organoid cultures, genetic editing in vitro and in vivo, and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) to study stem cell functions and model intestinal diseases, through the cutting-edge research, including the potential application of iPSCs, ESCs and blood stem cells (stem cell transplants) in the treatment of intestinal diseases/disorders. This volume, therefore, discusses the fact-based promise of stem cells and regenerative medicine in the intestine in the real world. Provides intensive scientific background and most recent information on cutting edge research to understand intestinal stem cell functions and develop methods to bring stem cells from bench to bedside for different intestinal diseases Analyzes the current state, opportunities, and challenges of innovative technologies and stem cells from bench to bed, including organoids and the CRISPR gene editing system in the intestine Contains two major sections describing cutting-edge research for understanding stem cell functions and for developing methods specific to the intestine