Statistics guide for student and researchers. With SPSS illustrations

Preface Architecture of the study guide Introduction to descriptive statistics Levels of Measurement Frequency distribution of ungrouped data Frequency distribution of grouped data Boxplot for groups variances Review questions Probability basics Introduction Probability of events Conditional probability Review questions Introduction to probability distributions Introduction to random variable Cumulative distribution function Expectation and standard deviation of discrete random variable Continuous random variable Review questions Common discrete probability distributions Binomial distribution Poison distribution Review questions The normal distribution Introduction Standard normal probabilities Normal approximation to Binomial distribution. Review questions Sampling distributions Sampling methods Sample Statistics Sampling distribution statistic calculation Central limit theorem Interval estimation of population parameter Confidence interval for a population mean Confidence interval for population standard deviation Confidence interval for population proportion Review questions Hypothesis test of single sample Introduction Hypothesis test for population mean Hypothesis test for population standard deviation Review questions Goodness of fit test for normality Chi – square goodness of fit test for normality Kolmogorov – Smirnov (KS) goodness of fit test Review questions Independent and dependent samples hypothesis test Dependent (paired) samples test Independent samples t – test to compare means Chi-square test for nominal variables independence Review questions Linear regression and correlation Linear regression equation Goodness of fit for the regression equation Confidence interval for regression equation slope Multiple linear regression Correlation coefficient r Review questions One – way Analysis of variance (one – way ANOVA) Randomized experimental design One-way ANOVA test for three samples means equality Fisher LSD multiple comparisons Repeated measures one-way ANOVA Review questions Non-parametric tests Kruskal – Wallis test Mann-Whitney U test Wilcoxon signed rank test Spearman rank correlation coefficient Friedman test Review questions Appendix A: questionnaire design for collecting sample data Appendix B: SPSS data entry Multiple response questions Likert scale Appendix C: Guide to selecting appropriate statistical test Appendix D: Statistical tables Standard normal left tail probabilities P (Z ≤ -z) Chi – square ,̒-2. distribution table right tailed Student’s t – distribution left tailed F-distribution probabilities right tailed