نرم‌افزارهای آماری برای ویندوز و مکینتاش به همراه روش‌های تحقیق در آموزش، ویرایش هفتم

A classic in its field, Research Methods in Education explains the research process with emphasis on the formulation of a research question, referencing current literature in the field, using appropriate research designs, and writing and evaluating research reports. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs are described. Measurement, sampling, and statistics are presented as essential research tools. Retaining the clear, concise writing style and organization that has made this text so popular, Research Methods in Education helps students evaluate research literature as well as master research methodology. It emphasizes the rationale for commonly used research procedures and their applications. The authors outline the nature of educational research and clearly define the steps in the research process. The text is broad in scope–covering both quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research methodologies as well as describing how to write research proposals and reports of completed research. Research Methods in Education gives students a solid understanding of all the elements of research. Wiersma W. Research Methods in Education_An Introduction (A&B,7 ed.,2000)(ISBN 0205284922)(600dpi)(483p) ......Page 3 Copyright ......Page 4 Contents v ......Page 6 Preface xvii ......Page 18 Acknowledgments xix ......Page 20 Introduction 1 ......Page 22 The Nature of Educational Research 2 ......Page 23 The Systematic Process of Research 3 ......Page 24 Internal Validity 4 ......Page 25 External Validity 6 ......Page 27 The Reliability of Educational Research 8 ......Page 29 Classification of Educational Research 9 ......Page 30 Basic and Applied Research 10 ......Page 31 General Methods of Research 13 ......Page 32 Survey Research 14 ......Page 35 Ethnographic Research 15 ......Page 36 The Role of Theory 17 ......Page 38 The Activities of the Research Process 19 ......Page 40 Summarizing Results and Drawing Conclusions 21 ......Page 42 The Function of Educational Research 23 ......Page 44 Exercises 25 ......Page 46 Reference 26......Page 47 Selection of a Research Problem 27 ......Page 48 Statement of the Research Problem 29 ......Page 50 Independent and Dependent Variables 32 ......Page 53 Other Possible Types of Variables 33 ......Page 54 Variables as They Are Measured 35 ......Page 56 Operational Definition 36 ......Page 57 Hypotheses and the Statement of the Problem 37 ......Page 58 Types and Forms of Hypotheses 39 ......Page 60 Examples of Hypotheses Related to Problem Statements 42 ......Page 63 Summary 48 ......Page 69 Exercises 49 ......Page 70 Reference 51 ......Page 72 3 The Review of the Literature 52-81 ......Page 73 Sources of Information 53 ......Page 74 Education Index 54 ......Page 75 An Example Using CIJE and RIE 56 ......Page 77 Other Indexes and Abstracts 60 ......Page 81 Review of Educational Research (RER) 61 ......Page 82 Abstracts and Reports in Periodicals 62 ......Page 83 Theses and Dissertations 63 ......Page 84 Books 64 ......Page 85 Computer Searches 65 ......Page 86 Limiting or Broadening a Search 66 ......Page 87 Searching a Database for a Specific Research Problem 67......Page 88 Selecting Studies for the Review of the Literature 70 ......Page 91 Assembling and Summarizing Information 73 ......Page 94 Abstract or Summary 74 ......Page 95 Interpreting and Using Information 75 ......Page 96 Critical Review 76 ......Page 97 Referencing 77 ......Page 98 Preparing the Bibliography 78 ......Page 99 Summary 79 ......Page 100 Exercises 80 ......Page 101 References 81 ......Page 102 The Purposes of Research Design 82 ......Page 103 The Concept of Controlling Variance 83 ......Page 104 Randomization 84 ......Page 105 Building in Factors as Independent Variables 86 ......Page 107 Holding Factors Constant 87 ......Page 108 Statistical Control 88 ......Page 109 Using Procedures for Control in Combination 90 ......Page 111 Freedom from Confounding 92 ......Page 113 Freedom from Bias 92 ......Page 112 Summary 93 ......Page 114 Exercises 94 ......Page 115 References 96 ......Page 117 The Meaning of Experimental Design 97 ......Page 118 Experimental Variables 99 ......Page 120 Criteria for a Well-Designed Experiment 100 ......Page 121 Experimental Validity 101 ......Page 122 Threats to Experimental Validity 103 ......Page 124 Posttest-Only Control Group Design 105 ......Page 126 Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design 107 ......Page 128 Solomon Four-Group Design 109 ......Page 130 Factorial Designs 111 ......Page 132 Repeated Measures Designs 114 ......Page 135 Designs Extended in Time 116 ......Page 137 Time Series Designs 118 ......Page 139 Interpreting Results of Experiments 119 ......Page 140 Randomness and Representativeness 123 ......Page 144 Exercises 124 ......Page 145 References 127 ......Page 148 The Problems of Validity 128 ......Page 149 Posttest-Only, Nonequivalent Control Group Design 129 ......Page 150 Pretest-Posttest, Nonequivalent Control Group Design 132 ......Page 153 Time Series Designs 134 ......Page 155 Single-Group Time Series Design 135 ......Page 136 Multiple-Group Time Series Design 137 ......Page 158 Variations in Time Series Designs 139 ......Page 160 Single-Subject Designs 140 ......Page 161 A-B Design 141 ......Page 162 A-B-A Design 143 ......Page 164 A-B-A-B Design 145 ......Page 166 Multiple-Baseline Design Across Behaviors 148 ......Page 169 Multiple-Baseline Design Across Situations 149 ......Page 170 Action Research and Quasi-Experimental Research 150 ......Page 171 Summary 153 ......Page 174 Exercises 154 ......Page 175 References 156 ......Page 177 Survey Research: Its Scope and Description 157 ......Page 178 Causal-Comparative Research Examples 158 ......Page 179 Correlational Research Examples 159 ......Page 180 Other Survey Research 160 ......Page 181 Longitudinal Designs 161 ......Page 182 Cross-Sectional Designs 163 ......Page 184 The Methodology of Survey Research 164 ......Page 185 Questionnaire Surveys 166 ......Page 187 Item Construction 169 ......Page 190 Item Format 170 ......Page 191 Pilot Run of the Items 171 ......Page 192 The Cover Letter 172 ......Page 193 Questionnaire Format 173 ......Page 194 Procedures for Increasing Response Rate 175 ......Page 196 Follow-up Procedures 177 ......Page 198 Identifying Sources of Nonresponse 178 ......Page 199 Incomplete and Possible Dishonest Response 179 ......Page 200 Community Surveys 180 ......Page 201 Interview Surveys 183 ......Page 204 Interview Items 185 ......Page 206 Conducting the Interview 186 ......Page 207 Potential Sources of Error 188 ......Page 209 Telephone Interviews 189 ......Page 210 Other Surveys 190 ......Page 211 Analyzing and Reporting Survey Results 191 ......Page 212 Hypothetical Example 2 192 ......Page 213 Summary 193 ......Page 214 Exercises 194 ......Page 215 References 196 ......Page 217 The Epistemology of Qualitative Research 198 ......Page 219 Working Design 200 ......Page 221 Data Collection 201 ......Page 222 Data Analysis and Interpretation 202 ......Page 223 Possible Codes 203 ......Page 224 Coding Examples 204 ......Page 225 Types of Designs in Qualitative Research 206 ......Page 227 Perspectives for Qualitative Research 207 ......Page 228 Example: Funnel Approach 208 ......Page 229 Example: Modified Analytic Induction Approach 210 ......Page 231 Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research 211 ......Page 232 Capabilities of Computer Software in Qualitative Research 212......Page 233 Exercises 215 ......Page 236 References 217 ......Page 238 9. Historical Research 218-236 ......Page 239 The Value of Historical Research 219 ......Page 240 The Methodology of Historical Research 221 ......Page 242 Identification of the Research Problem 222 ......Page 243 Describing a Distribution of Scores 325 ......Page 246 Internal Criticism 226 ......Page 247 Synthesis of Information 227 ......Page 248 Analysis, Interpretation, and Formulating 228 ......Page 249 Quantitative Methods in Historical Research 229 ......Page 250 Comments on the Reporting of Historical Research 230 ......Page 251 Reports in Professional Journals 231 ......Page 252 Summary 233 ......Page 254 Exercises 234 ......Page 255 References 235 ......Page 256 The Nature of Ethnography in Education 237 ......Page 258 The Phenomenological Nature 238 ......Page 259 The Naturalistic Nature 239 ......Page 260 A Conceptual Schema for Ethnographic Research 240 ......Page 261 The Process of Ethnographic Research 242 ......Page 263 Identification of the Phenomenon to Be Studied 244 ......Page 265 Identification of Subjects 246 ......Page 267 Data Collection 247 ......Page 268 Observation 248 ......Page 269 Videotaping 249 ......Page 270 Reviewing Other Sources 250 ......Page 271 Triangulation 251 ......Page 272 Analysis 252 ......Page 273 Coding 253 ......Page 274 Use of Numbers 254 ......Page 275 Drawing Conclusions 256 ......Page 277 Examples of Ethnographic Research in Education 256 ......Page 278 The Reliability and Validity of Ethnographic Research 259 ......Page 280 Reliability 260 ......Page 281 Use of a Random Number Table 271 ......Page 292 The Role of Ethnographic Research 264 ......Page 285 Summary 265 ......Page 286 Exercises 266 ......Page 287 References 267 ......Page 288 The Concept of a Random Sample 269 ......Page 290 Random Selection and Random Assignment 270 ......Page 291 Use of the Computer in Sample Selection 273 ......Page 294 Sampling Error and Sampling Bias 274 ......Page 295 Criteria for a Sampling Design 275 ......Page 296 Stratified Random Sampling 276 ......Page 298 Allocation of Sample Size Among Strata 277 ......Page 299 Cluster Sampling 279 ......Page 300 Systematic Sampling 280 ......Page 301 Possible Problem of Periodicity 281 ......Page 302 Considerations in Determining Sample Size—Random Sampling 282......Page 303 Purposeful Sampling 284 ......Page 305 Comprehensive Sampling 285 ......Page 306 Extreme Case Sampling 286 ......Page 307 Other Variations of Purposeful Sampling 287 ......Page 308 Sample Size of Purposeful Samples 288 ......Page 309 Summary 291 ......Page 312 Key Concepts 292 ......Page 313 References 294 ......Page 315 Concepts of Measurement 295 ......Page 316 Types of Measurement Scales 296 ......Page 317 Empirical Procedures for Estimating Reliability 297 ......Page 318 Validity of Measurement 299 ......Page 320 Content-Related Evidence 300 ......Page 321 Construct-Related Evidence 301 ......Page 322 The Variables Measured in Educational Research 302 ......Page 323 Achievement Tests in Academic and Skills Areas 303 ......Page 324 Likert Scale 305 ......Page 326 Semantic Differential 307 ......Page 328 Aptitude Tests 309 ......Page 330 Personality Measures 310 ......Page 331 Rating Scales 311 ......Page 332 Observation Systems 312 ......Page 333 Measures Involving Holistic Scoring 314 ......Page 335 Where to Find Test Information 315 ......Page 336 Coding Data 316 ......Page 337 Summary 318 ......Page 339 Exercises 320 ......Page 341 References 322 ......Page 343 The Multiple Meanings of Statistics 323 ......Page 344 Distributions 324 ......Page 245 Measures of Central Tendency 325 ......Page 346 Measures of Variability 326 ......Page 347 Shapes of Distributions 327 ......Page 348 Properties of Standard Scores 328 ......Page 349 Correlation—A Measure of Relationship 330 ......Page 351 Uses of Correlation 333 ......Page 354 Different Correlation Coefficients 334 ......Page 355 Data Analysis by Computer 336 ......Page 357 Summary 340 ......Page 361 Exercises 341 ......Page 362 Note 343 ......Page 364 Context for Using Inferential Statistics 344 ......Page 365 Testing Hypotheses and Estimating Parameters 345 ......Page 366 Concept of Sampling Distribution 346 ......Page 367 Building a Confidence Interval—The Example Continued 350......Page 371 Possible Errors in Hypothesis Testing 351 ......Page 372 Inferences from Statistics to Parameters: A Review 352 ......Page 373 The t-Distribution—Another Sampling Distribution 354 ......Page 375 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 356 ......Page 377 The Chi-Square (x^2) Test and Distribution 362 ......Page 383 Correlational Analyses 365 ......Page 386 Analysis of Covariance 367 ......Page 388 Selecting an Appropriate Statistical Analysis 368 ......Page 389 Comments About Statistical Analysis 370 ......Page 391 Meta-Analysis 371 ......Page 392 Summary 374 ......Page 395 Exercises 375 ......Page 396 References 378 ......Page 399 Major Sections of the Research Proposal 379 ......Page 400 Identification of the Problem 380 ......Page 401 Review of the Literature 382 ......Page 403 Methods or Procedures 385 ......Page 406 Significance of the Proposed Research 387 ......Page 408 Budget 388 ......Page 409 Major Sections of the Research Report 389 ......Page 410 Introduction, Including the Statement of the Problem 390 ......Page 411 Methods or Procedures 391 ......Page 412 Results 392 ......Page 413 Use of Tables 393 ......Page 414 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications 395 ......Page 416 Abstract 396 ......Page 417 Appendix 397 ......Page 418 Putting a Report Together 398 ......Page 419 Software for Word Processing 399 ......Page 420 Guidelines for Presenting Papers at Meetings 400 ......Page 421 Presentations to Dissertation and Thesis Committees 402 ......Page 423 Summary 403 ......Page 424 Exercises 404 ......Page 425 References 405 ......Page 426 Types of Errors and Shortcomings in Reports 407 ......Page 428 Introduction 408 ......Page 429 Methods or Procedures 409 ......Page 430 Results 410 ......Page 431 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications 411 ......Page 432 Overall Impressions When Evaluating a Report 412 ......Page 433 Quality of the Proposed Research 413 ......Page 434 Summary 414 ......Page 435 Key Concepts 415 ......Page References 415 ......Page 436 Appendix 1 Conducting a CD-ROM Search Using SilverPIatter 416......Page 437 Appendix 2 Ethical and Legal Considerations in Conducting Research 418 ......Page 439 Appendix 3 Solutions to Exercises 423 ......Page 444 Appendix 4 Tables 443 ......Page 464 Table A. Ordinates and Areas of the Normal Curve 444 ......Page 465 Table B. Critical Values of t 446 ......Page 467 Table C. Upper Percentage Points of the x^2 Distribution 447 ......Page 468 Table D. Upper Percentage Points of the E-Distribution 448 ......Page 469 Table E. Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient 454 ......Page 475 Glossary of Research Methods Terms 455 ......Page 476 Name Index 463 ......Page 484 Subject Index 465 ......Page 486 Disk Instructions 475 ......Page 496 cover......Page 1 B> A classic in its field, Research Methods in Education retains the clear, concise writing style and organization that has made the book so popular. It helps with the evaluation of research literature as well as the mastering of research methodology. It emphasizes the rationale for commonly used research procedures and their applications. The nature of educational research is outlined and the steps in the research process are clearly defined. Because identification of a research problem is so important, the entire second chapter is devoted to this topic. It has been updated with a new chapter on evaluating research papers, additional information on computers and software used in research, and a data disk consisting of three data sets that accompanies the text. The book is broad in scope covering both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies as well as sampling designs, measurement, data collection, preparation of data sets for computer analysis, statistical procedures, and reports. For anyone interested in the research methodology for education and educational psychology.